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https://amzn.to/47EoUyb - The Great Schism: A Captivating Guide to the Split between the Eastern Christian Churches and the Western Church

The Great Schism of 1054 is a landmark event in the history of Christianity, marking the first significant split between the Eastern Orthodox church toward the east and Roman Catholic Churches toward the western part of the Mediterranean world. This division wasn't an abrupt occurrence but the culmination of centuries of growing tensions, rooted in theological, cultural, linguistic and political differences.

The seeds of discord were sown as early as the third century when the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire (which was also known as the Byzantine Empire). This division was not merely political: it extended to language and culture, with Latin dominating the West and Greek predominant in the East. As these empires grew apart, so did their churches. Disputes over ecclesiastical authority became a central issue, particularly with regard to the Roman pope's claim to universal jurisdiction – something the Eastern Church refused to accept without the consultation of a council of bishops.

Theological differences further deepened the rift. The “Filioque Controversy,” which concerned whether the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father alone or from the Father and the Son, highlighted the stark theological divergences. The East accused the West of altering the Nicene Creed without proper authority – a move they viewed as heretical and divisive.

The situation reached a boiling point in 1054 when Pope Leo IX excommunicated Michael Cerularius, the Patriarch (i.e. church leader) of Constantinople, who in turn retaliated by excommunicating the pope. This mutual excommunication is what we now refer to as the Great Schism or the East-West Schism.