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Neural Regulation of Respiration

The neural control of respiration maintains the rate, rhythm, and depth of breathing through signals from the brain to respiratory muscles.

1. Respiratory Centers in the Brain

Located in the brainstem — specifically in the medulla oblongata and pons.

a) Medullary Respiratory Centers

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG):

Controls inspiration.

Sends impulses via the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm and intercostal nerves to the external intercostal muscles.

Generates the basic rhythm of breathing.


Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG):

Controls forced expiration and inspiration (active during exercise or stress).

Stimulates internal intercostal and abdominal muscles.



b) Pontine Centers (Pneumotaxic & Apneustic Centers)

Pneumotaxic Center (upper pons):

Limits inspiration and prevents over-inflation of lungs.

Controls respiratory rate by sending inhibitory signals to DRG.


Apneustic Center (lower pons):

Prolongs inspiration; works with DRG to maintain rhythm.




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2. Pathway of Neural Control

Receptors (in lungs, muscles, and arteries) → Brainstem centers → Motor nerves → Respiratory muscles → Breathing movements.



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⚗️ Chemical Regulation of Respiration

The chemical control ensures that the correct levels of O₂, CO₂, and H⁺ (pH) are maintained in the blood.

1. Chemoreceptors

These sense changes in CO₂, O₂, and H⁺ concentration.

a) Central Chemoreceptors

Located in the medulla oblongata (near DRG).

Sensitive mainly to CO₂ and H⁺ in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

↑CO₂ → ↑H⁺ → stimulates respiratory centers → ↑rate and depth of breathing (hyperventilation).


b) Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Located in carotid bodies (near carotid arteries) and aortic bodies (near aortic arch).

Sensitive to low O₂, high CO₂, and low pH.

When O₂ falls below normal → send impulses via glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves → stimulate medullary centers → increase breathing.