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A nested class in C++ is a class that is declared within the scope of another class, known as the enclosing class. This allows for better organization of code by encapsulating related functionality and indicating a strong relationship between the nested class and its enclosing class.
Key characteristics of nested classes:
Scope: The name of a nested class is local to its enclosing class. This means it cannot be directly accessed from outside the enclosing class's scope without using the scope resolution operator (::).
Access Rights: A nested class is a member of its enclosing class and therefore has the same access rights as any other member. This means it can access private and protected members of the enclosing class. However, the members of the enclosing class do not have special access to the members of the nested class; standard access rules apply.
Declaration and Definition: A nested class can be declared within the public, private, or protected section of the enclosing class. Its definition can be provided either inside the enclosing class or outside, using the scope resolution operator.