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The Indian Standard Soil Classification, its different soil types, their particle sizes, and the concept of fine-grained and coarse-grained soils.

First, let’s talk about fine-grained soils. These are materials whose particles are smaller than 0.075 mm. Clay and Silt fall under this category. Clay particles are smaller than 0.002 mm and are sticky, which allows them to hold water effectively. Silt, with particles ranging from 0.002 mm to 0.075 mm, has a smooth texture but is not as sticky as clay.

Now, let’s move on to coarse-grained soils. These materials have particles larger than 0.075 mm. Sand, Gravel, Cobble, and Boulders are part of this category. Sand particles range from 0.075 mm to 4.75 mm. It is loose and dry, which allows water to pass through easily. Sand is commonly used in concrete, plastering, and foundations. Gravel has particles between 4.75 mm and 80 mm. It is hard and stable, making it ideal for drainage and is widely used in road construction and railway ballast. Cobble stones, with particles between 80 mm and 300 mm, are larger stones often found in natural areas. Lastly, Boulders are the largest stones, greater than 300 mm, and are typically found in natural environments.

In summary, the Indian Standard Soil Classification categorizes soil into fine-grained and coarse-grained types based on their particle sizes, each with distinct properties and uses."