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In differential thermal analysis (DTA), the temperature difference between the test sample and reference material (non-reactive general alumina) is followed, while the two substances are subjected to identical and controlled heating or cooling. The thermal plot is temperature difference Vs the temperature of reference material.

If the sample does not undergo any physical or chemical change. Then there will be no temperature difference between sample and reference. But a temperature difference will definitely occur if the sample undergoes any change. For instance in an endothermic change such as melting or dehydration of the sample, the temperature of the sample will be lower than that of reference.
On completion of the process, the sample will again show zero difference of temperature as compared with the reference. On the other hand, if an exothermic reaction takes place, the sample temperature will be higher than that of reference material.

If we plot a graph of the difference of temp. Vs temp. of reference. The graph obtained is in the form of peaks. For endothermic peak will be in the downward and for exothermic, the peak is In an upward direction. The shape, size of the peaks gives a lot, of information about the nature of the test sample. The endothermic curve is for physical change while exothermic is for chemical change. The oxidation reaction gives exothermic curve, The melting or fusion are endothermic. Peak areas and peak heights are used for quantitative measurements.

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