GATE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS 2017 SEC-B PART 2 Q37 YEAR SOLVE, AND COMPLETE SOLUTION

GATE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS 2017 SEC-B PART 2 Q37 YEAR SOLVE, AND COMPLETE SOLUTION




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Geology (from the Ancient Greek γῆ, gē, i.e. "earth" and -λoγία, -logia, i.e. "study of, discourse") is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Geology can also refer to the study of the solid features of any terrestrial planet or natural satellite, (such as Mars or the Moon).

Geologic materials
The majority of geological data comes from research on solid Earth materials. These typically fall into one of two categories: rock and unconsolidated material.

Rock

The majority of research in geology is associated with the study of rock, as rock provides the primary record of the majority of the geologic history of the Earth. There are three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle illustrates the relationships among them (see diagram).

When a rock crystallizes from melt (magma or lava), it is an igneous rock. This rock can be weathered and eroded, then redeposited and lithified into a sedimentary rock. It can then be turned into a metamorphic rock by heat and pressure that change its mineral content, resulting in a characteristic fabric. All three types may melt again, and when this happens, new magma is formed, from which an igneous rock may once more crystallize.


To study all three types of rock, geologists evaluate the minerals of which they are composed. Each mineral has distinct physical properties, and there are many tests to determine each of them. The specimens can be tested for:

Luster: Measurement of the amount of light reflected from the surface. Luster is broken into metallic and nonmetallic.
Color: Minerals are grouped by their color. Mostly diagnostic but impurities can change a mineral’s color.
Streak: Performed by scratching the sample on a porcelain plate. The color of the streak can help name the mineral.
Hardness: The resistance of a mineral to scratch.
Breakage pattern: A mineral can either show fracture or cleavage, the former being breakage of uneven surfaces and the latter a breakage along closely spaced parallel planes.
Specific gravity: the weight of a specific volume of a mineral.
Effervescence: Involves dripping hydrochloric acid on the mineral to test for fizzing.
Magnetism: Involves using a magnet to test for magnetism.
Taste: Minerals can have a distinctive taste, like halite (which tastes like table salt).
Smell: Minerals can have a distinctive odor. For example, sulfur smells like rotten eggs.


GATE Eligibility Criteria
It is advised to all the GATE aspirants to check their eligibility before making the registration. They can apply for only 1 paper in GATE. The minimum academic qualification to apply for GATE 2018 is indicated below for all the applicants:

Bachelor’s degree (4 years after 10+2, or 3 years after Diploma) in the related engineering and science stream
Master’s Degree in any branch of Mathematics/Science/Statistics/Computer Applications or equivalent degree.
International applicants possessing a Bachelor’s Degree or Master’s Degree in the related engineering or science stream.
Students in final year of Bachelor’s/Master’s degree.
NOTE: Candidates with a backlog in their qualifying exam have to submit a copy of the final year mark sheets or a declaration from their Principal along with the seal and signature.

GATE 2018 Registration
GATE Application Form was available on the official website from September 01, 2017. It could be filled online through GOAPS (GATE Online Application Processing System). In response to the request received for the extension of the closing date for application submission, it was extended to 20:00 Hrs (IST) of October 09, 2017 (Monday). A candidate has to follow 3 steps primarily to register online for GATE 2018.

Register and create a candidate’s login on the website of GOAPS. Provide your email-ID, phone number and create a password to register.
Then, fill GATE Application Form and upload the scanned images of Photograph and Signature in JPEG format.
The next step before final submission of GATE Online Application Form is fee payment.