Multiple fetal anomalies, Spina Bifida, Large fetal Ear, Polyhydramnios, and Fetal Limb reduction.

This video shows multiple fetal anomalies, Spina Bifida, Large fetal Ear, Polyhydramnios, and Fetal Limb reduction.
If the initial ultrasound shows evidence of polyhydramnios, a sonologist will be requested to do a more detailed ultrasound. Measurement of the amniotic fluid volume (AFV) by measuring the single largest, the deepest pocket of fluid around the baby. An AFV value of 8 centimeters or more suggests polyhydramnios.
Common causes of polyhydramnios include gestational diabetes, fetal anomalies with disturbed fetal swallowing of amniotic fluid, fetal infections, and other, rarer causes. The diagnosis is obtained by ultrasound.
Ultrasound diagnosis of Polyhydromnios:
• The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8–11 cm), moderate (12–15 cm), and severe (equal to or more than 16 cm).
• In about 80% of cases, the polyhydramnios is mild, 15% moderate, and 5% severe.
• Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders.
• In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16–22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.
Impact of Polyhydramnios on pregnancy
Most women with polyhydramnios will deliver healthy babies with no problems. If polyhydramnios is severe, it may make your uterus contract. You may also find it difficult to get comfortable in a chair or lie down.
With polyhydramnios, the risk of the following complications is increased:
Preterm contractions and possibly preterm labor.
Premature rupture of membranes.
Fetal malposition.
Maternal respiratory compromise.
Umbilical cord prolapse.
Uterine atony.
Abruptio placentae.
Moderate to Severe Polyhydramnios may cause the following symptoms:
Difficulty breathing.
Swelling in the lower extremities.
Swelling of the vulva.
Decreased urine production.
Constipation.
Heartburn.
Feeling huge or tightness in the belly.
Birth defects associated with Polyhydramnios
Persistent polyhydramnios has been associated with fetal aneuploidy, and polyhydramnios at birth has been associated with preterm delivery, unstable lie, malpresentation, cord prolapse, and placental abruption.
The AFI is normally 7 to 25 cm. In addition, each individual pocket of fluid should be 2 to 8 cm. Fluctuations outside of this range define oligohydramnios (too little amniotic fluid) or polyhydramnios (too much amniotic fluid).
In cases with multiple gestations, a range of 3–8 cm is defined as normal. With this method, polyhydramnios is classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Mild polyhydramnios is characterized by a value of 8–11 cm, moderate polyhydramnios by a value between 12–15 cm, and severe polyhydramnios by values above 16 cm.
Limb reduction
Upper and lower limb reduction defects occur when a part of or the entire arm (upper limb) or leg (lower limb) of a fetus fails to form completely during pregnancy. The defect is referred to as a “limb reduction” because a limb is reduced from its normal size or is missing.
Some of the congenital deformities of the lower limb include Congenital talipes equino varus: Congenital talipes equino varus commonly called clubfoot is the most common and obvious of all the foot deformities.
The cause of congenital limb defects is unknown. However, risk factors that may increase the likelihood of a congenital limb defect include the following: Conditions, such as genetic abnormalities, growth restriction, mechanical forces, that affect the baby in the uterus during development.
Fetal ultrasound is the most accurate method to diagnose spina bifida in your baby before delivery. Ultrasound can be performed during the first trimester (11 to 14 weeks) and second trimester (18 to 22 weeks). Spina bifida can be accurately diagnosed during the second-trimester ultrasound scan.
Open spina bifida is usually detected at the antenatal mid-term ultrasound (20 weeks) scan. The appearance of the skull bones and cerebellum - part of the back of the brain - show distinct signs that lead the sonographer to look for tiny changes in the spine.
An ultrasound can reveal signs of spina bifida such as a protrusion of tissue from the spine or an opening between the vertebrae. This test can also show a buildup of excess fluid in the brain, a condition called hydrocephalus.