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battery, in electricity and electrochemistry, any of a class of devices that convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy. Although the term battery, in strict usage, designates an assembly of two or more galvanic cells capable of such energy conversion, it is commonly applied to a single cell of this kind.
Every battery (or cell) has a cathode, or positive plate, and an anode, or negative plate. These electrodes must be separated by and are often immersed in an electrolyte that permits the passage of ions between the electrodes. The electrode materials and the electrolyte are chosen and arranged so that sufficient electromotive force (measured in volts) and electric current (measured in amperes) can be developed between the terminals of a battery to operate lights, machines, or other devices.
Batteries are divided into two general groups: (1) primary batteries and (2) secondary, or storage, batteries. Primary batteries are designed to be used until the voltage is too low to operate a given device and are then discarded. Secondary batteries have many special design features, as well as particular materials for the electrodes, that permit them to be reconstituted (recharged). After partial or complete discharge, they can be recharged by the application of direct current (DC) voltage. While the original state is usually not restored completely, the loss per recharging cycle in commercial batteries is only a small fraction of 1 percent even under varied conditions.
Li-ion batteries are lightweight, efficient, and have a high energy density compared to other batteries. Li-ion batteries are widely applied in diverse areas ranging from small appliances such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, and power tools to larger systems like electric and hybrid vehicles and energy storage systems. Critical to all these battery systems is a maximum level of safety. A Li-ion battery consists of four main components: a cathode, an anode, an electrolyte, and a separator.
The cathode is the source of lithium ions.
The anode stores and releases lithium ions from the cathode.
The electrolyte medium allows the movement of the ions.
The separator prevents contact between the cathode and the anode.

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