Скачать или смотреть Environment & Ecology 2021: Expected Topics & Questions for UPSC Prelims | NET (Part 1)

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LANCET COUNTDOWN ON HEALTH AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Benefits related to health have been highlighted in the new research from ‘The Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change’ in case countries adopt climate plans i.e., Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) being consistent with the Paris Agreement with an objective of lifting global warming to “well below 2°C”.
ABOUT
 The Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change is an international, multidisciplinary collaboration.
 Dedicated to monitoring the evolving health profile of climate change.
 To provide an independent assessment of the delivery of commitments made by governments across the globe.
 In the modelling study, countries considered represent 50% of the world’s population along with 70% of the world’s emissions namely India, Brazil, China, Germany, Indonesia, Nigeria, South Africa, the UK, and the US.
 According to study if India can adhere to its commitments, then it would be able to save 4.3 lakh lives due to cleaner air apart from 17.41 lakh lives due to better diet.
 By 2040, millions of lives could be saved annually meeting the Paris Agreement targets.
 Better diet, cleaner air and increased exercise per year could save 6.4 million lives across nine countries.
 Three Scenarios:
 Carrying on the current path.
 Increasing efforts to achieve the Paris goals.
 An ambitious scenario for protecting health from climate change.
PARIS AGREEMENT
 First ever universal, legally binding global climate change agreement adopted in Dec 2015 at the Paris climate conference (COP21).
 Maintaining global temperatures “well below” 2 degrees Celsius (C) compared to pre-industrial times and limiting it further to even 1.5 degrees Celsius (C).
 A promise made by several countries to bring global emissions down from peak levels as soon as possible.
 Achieving a balance between anthropogenic emissions using sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases towards the second half of this century.
 More than 180 countries had pledged to reduce carbon emissions through Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) even before the conference started.
 The INDCs are not legally binding.
 Financial resources to be provided by the developed countries to the developing ones for both mitigation and adaptation.
ISSUES IN ACHIEVING THE PLEDGED TARGETS
 Credibility
 Accountability
 Slow Implementation
 Fairness
INDIAN CONTEXT
 India’s per capita emissions are actually 60% lower than the global average as per the United Nations Report.
 In 2019, the emissions in the country grew 1.4% which was much lower than the avg. of 3.3% per year over the last decade.

OBJECTIVES
 Enhancing the public sector investment to a substantial level.
 Increasing engagement in the private sector along with the investment.
 Increasing international collaboration.
 To raise awareness regarding the transformational potential of innovation.
INNOVATION CHALLENGES UNDER THE MISSION
 IC1 – smart grids
 IC2 – Off-grid access to electricity
 IC3 – Carbon capture
 IC4 – Sustainable biofuels
 IC5 – Converting sunlight
 IC6 – Clean energy materials
 IC7 – Affordable cooling and heating of buildings
 IC8 – Renewable and clean hydrogen #examrace #upsc #ugcnet