Transport of Gases | Transport of Carbon dioxide as Bicarbonate ions | Class 12 | NBF | FBISE

The removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) occurs through several mechanisms in the body:

1. *Carbonic anhydrase reaction*: CO2 reacts with water (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which then dissociates into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+).

CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → HCO3- + H+

1. *Blood buffering*: Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the blood help maintain acid-base balance by neutralizing excess hydrogen ions (H+).

HCO3- + H+ → H2CO3 → CO2 + H2O

1. *Respiratory system*: The lungs remove CO2 from the blood through exhalation, which helps maintain blood pH levels.

2. *Kidneys*: The kidneys regulate bicarbonate ion levels by reabsorbing or secreting HCO3- in response to changes in blood pH.

3. *Pancreas*: The pancreas secretes bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice to neutralize stomach acid and maintain digestive tract pH.

The removal of CO2 as bicarbonate ions is crucial for maintaining acid-base balance, regulating blood pH, and supporting various physiological processes.

Key benefits:

Maintains acid-base balance
Regulates blood pH levels
Supports respiratory function
Enables proper digestion and absorption of nutrients
Helps remove waste products (CO2) from the body


#federalboard #biology #bioclass #onlinebiology #onlinebiology #respiratorytract #bioclass #class11 #class #class12 #transportofgases#kpkboard