Скачать или смотреть Groundnut Sowing Hand Dribbling | Seed Drill Coulters | Groundnut Farming | Peanut Cultivation Agric

Method of sowing:

The methods of sowing followed in India can be broadly classified into three categories.

Seed drill

bullock drawn or power drawn

Static or Automatic

Dropping the seed with hand in the furrow formed by the country plough.

Hand dibbling


Seed drill:

Groundnut is mostly sown under rainfed conditions with a seed drill. The number of coulters for a seed drill varies from 3 to 6 and the distance between the coulters 15 to 16 cm.

The seeds are either directly sown through the fixed hopper (seed bowl) or through loose hoppers attached to draw tubes which are in turn loosely tied with ropes to coulters.

A double seed bowl seed-drill is also used for sowing.

The depth of placement of seed is adjusted by adjusting hitching of the bullocks or in tying the seed drill.

In automatic or mechanical seed drills, the distance between seeds within a row and depth of planting can be adjusted as also the spacing between two rows so that the desired spacing can be maintained.

But because of high cost, greater draft power required for drawing the seed drill and absence of facilities for repairing these drills in villages, the use of the automatic bullock drawn seed drills is at present limited.

Since sowing is done in rows uniformly spaced, it is possible to work an implement for inter-cultivation.


Sowing in the furrows

The seeds are dropped with hand in furrows formed by the country plough.

This is costlier than sowing with a seed drill. It is also not possible to work an inter-cultivation implement between the rows as the rows will not be having the same spacing between them all through.

Sometimes seeds are dropped in the furrow through a draw tube attached to the plough by a rope.

The depth of planting is also difficult to regulate in this method of sowing and usually the stand of the crop is not uniform.


Hand dibbling:

Dibbling seed with hand is practiced mostly in irrigated areas. It is laborious and time consuming.

The seed rows are opened by a seed drill or tyne hoes and the seeds are dibbled in the rows.

Even under irrigation sowing can be done using a seed drill when the soil is dry and then irrigation can be given after the borders or check basins are formed.

The line sowing of groundnut with seeds drills is best whether the seed drill used is mechanical or indigenous seed drill, power drawn or bullock drawn.

In the mechanical seed drill, the dropping of seed is regulated precisely and a more uniform stand of the crop can be obtained.

Even with indigenous seed drill, experienced labourers, particularly women, drop the seeds at uniform spacing within the row ensuring uniform stand.

When the spacing between the rows is properly fixed, the subsequent operations like between the rows is properly fixed, the subsequent operations like inter-cultivation and harvest can also be carried out easily with implements resulting in considerable saving in labour charges.



Spacing:

One of the critical factors limiting yields of groundnut is low plant population. Survey in farmers’ fields has revealed that plant population is generally below optimum in most of the fields.

Recommendations for plant populations vary widely. Most research results indicate that yields are increased mainly by reducing spacing between rows.

Where moisture is a limiting factor when groundnut is raised under rainfed conditions, the spacing between the rows has to be adjusted to the amount of moisture available.

Changes in intra-row spacings have less effect on yields than changing the spacing between the rows.

The actual spacing depends on the fertility of the soil, size of the plants at maximum vegetative growth and the extent they cover the soil.

Area of the soil, which is not covered by the plant, is the area wasted.

Spacing for Spanish bunh type is 30x10 or 30x15 cm and for Virginia running type 45x15 cm.

Spanish bunch type is grown over 70 per cent of the area under groundnut. In the bunch type, most of the pods are formed within a radius of 10 cm from the tap root.

There is no need to provide intra row spacing of more than 10 cm.

In assured rainfall areas and irrigated areas, 10 cm spacing from plant to plant within a row is optimum. However, under limited moisture conditions and in soils of poor fertility, it is necessary to give 15 cm. Spacing between plants within a row.