棕扇尾鶯 Zitting Cisticola

Location : North Malaysia
August 2024 這次比上一次更容易拍得多了 😘

棕扇尾鶯（學名：Cisticola juncidis）是扇尾鶯科扇尾鶯屬的小型鳥類，體長9~11釐米。上體慄棕色具粗著的黑褐色羽幹紋和棕白色眉紋，下背、腰和尾上覆羽黑褐色，羽幹紋細弱而不明顯，尤其是繁殖季節，腰和尾上覆羽幾為純棕色而無黑褐色縱紋。尾為凸狀，中央尾羽最長，暗褐色具棕色羽緣、黑色次端斑和灰色端斑，外側尾羽暗褐色具棕色羽緣、黑色次端斑和白色端斑。兩翅暗褐色，羽緣慄棕色。下體白色，兩脅沾棕黃色。相似種金頭扇尾鶯頭頂黃色或金黃色，下體皮黃白色，外側尾羽端斑窄而不明顯，呈棕白色。
繁殖期常有的鳴叫聲為單調、規則、重複的尖高音調類似“dzeep-dzeep”或“zit-zit-zit-”，此單音可持續近三分鐘。飛行或停棲小草枝頭時，均會鳴唱，在飛行時每叫一單音正好配合一次振翅的波狀起伏。
常見於海拔1200米以下。棲於開闊草地、稻田及甘蔗地，一般較金頭扇尾鶯更喜濕潤地區。求偶飛行時雄鳥在其配偶上空作振翼停空並盤旋鳴叫。非繁殖期懼生而不易見到。
主要棲息於海拔1000米以下的山腳、丘陵和平原低地灌叢與草叢中，也出入於農田、草地、灌叢、沼澤、低矮的蘆葦塘以及地邊灌叢與草叢中.
繁殖期4~7月。通常營巢於草叢中，距地高10~50釐米。巢呈梨形、橢圓形或吊囊狀，開口於上面或上側方，主要由撕裂的草葉、植物纖維等編織而成，有的外面還被有蛛網，內墊有絨毛和柔軟植物。巢高7~8釐米，內徑約5釐米，營巢由雌鳥承擔，雄鳥協助搬運巢材。每窩產卵通常4~5枚；偶爾也有少至3枚和多至6枚的情況。卵白色或淡藍白色，被有紅褐色或紫紅色斑點，卵的大小為13.8~16.8毫米×10.2~12.3毫米。雌雄親鳥輪流孵卵，雛鳥晚成性，雌雄親鳥共同育雛.

The zitting cisticola or streaked fantail warbler (Cisticola juncidis) is a widely distributed Old World warbler whose breeding range includes southern Europe, Africa (outside the deserts and rainforest), and southern Asia down to northern Australia. A small bird found mainly in grasslands, it is best identified by its rufous rump; in addition it lacks any gold on the collar and the brownish tail is tipped with white. During the breeding season males have a zigzagging flight display accompanied by regular "zitting" calls that have been likened to repeated snips of a scissor. They build their pouch nest suspended within a clump of grass.
The zitting cisticola is 10 to 12 cm (3.9 to 4.7 in) in length.[5] It is brown above, heavily streaked with black markings. The underparts are whitish, and the tail is broad, white-tipped and flicked frequently, giving rise to the alternative name for the species. The adult males have less crown streaking and more back marking than the females, but there are no great differences between the sexes or the eighteen geographical races. The absence of a nuchal collar separates it from the golden-headed cisticola (Cisticola exilis). In the non-breeding season, they tend to skulk within the grass and can be hard to spot.
Zitting cisticolas are very small insectivorous birds, sometimes found in small groups. The breeding season is associated with the rains. Two broods a year occur in many regions. Males are generally polygynous, but some are monogamous. The male builds the initial nest structure deep in the grasses, and invites females using a special display. Females that accept the male complete the nest. The nest is made by binding living leaves into the soft fabric of felted plant-down, cobwebs, and grass. The zitting cisticola's nest is a cup shape with a canopy of tied-together leaves or grasses overhead for camouflage; 3–6 eggs are laid. The female incubates the eggs,