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what is heater
Process heaters are widely used in petroleum refineries, where they are called refinery heaters. Process heaters are used to transfer heat generated by the combustion of fuels to a fluid other than water contained in tubes. This fluid may either be process fluid or a heat transfer fluid
Basic Fired Heater Functions

Heat is produced by burning fuel

This heat transfers to the process fluid in the tubes via conduction, radiation, and convection

Combustion gases created by burning fuel exit the fired heater through a stack

What is a Fired Heater in a Refinery? For Dummies
Did you know that ancient algae impact our lives to this day?  Read on to learn how decomposed carbon-based life becomes petroleum products with the help of fired heaters!

Oil comes from the remains of plankton and algae mixed with sediment on the ocean floor.

What is a fired heater in a refinery? Fired heaters, or process heaters, are important to refineries and petrochemical plants because they heat and vaporize the hydrocarbon fluids to create necessities like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.

Basic Fired Heater Functions

Heat is produced by burning fuel

This heat transfers to the process fluid in the tubes via conduction, radiation, and convection

Combustion gases created by burning fuel exit the fired heater through a stack

Anatomy of a Fired Heater
1 .Stack: exhaust chimney or vertical pipe through which flue gases escape the fired heater

२ Convection Tubes: tubes located in the convection section

3 Header Box: internally insulated compartment enclosing headers or manifolds

4 Radiant Tubes: tubes located in the radiant section

5 Casing: a metal shell, typically lined with refractory, enclosing the firebox and convection section

6 Refractory Lining: heat-resistant lining; commonly made from castable or ceramic fiber

7 Convection Section: area where hot flue gases leave the radiant section and circulate at high speed through a tube bundle

8 Arch (or Bridgewall): location where flue gas exits the radiant section

9 Radiant Section: area where tubes are directly heated by radiation from burner flames

10 Breeching: transition where flue gas travels from the convection section to the stack

11 Finned Tube: specialized tube with protruding fins that increase surface area and heat absorption

12 Corbels: refractory material used to direct flue gases onto tubes as it passes though the convection section

13 Crossover: connecting piping between any two coil sections

14 Shield Section/Shock Section: non-finned tubes that shield the convection section from direct radiation

Important terms:
Flue Gas: gas produced as a byproduct of combustion inside the fired heater
Draft: the negative pressure of the air and/or flue gas in the heater
: a continuous metal pipe that transports fluid through a fired heater

Understanding Heat Transfer

Fired heaters utilize all three heat transfer methods (conduction, convection, radiation).

Radiation is the transfer of energy from a heat source to objects in its path through space. In fired heaters, this occurs when heat energy is absorbed by tubes exposed to flames in the radiant section.

Convection is the transfer of heat from one place to another via fluid movement, like gases flowing over process tubes in the convection section of the heater.

Finally, conduction is the transfer of heat via contact between two materials or moving from one section of an object to another. In a fired heater, conduction occurs when heat transfers from the tube walls to the fluid flowing inside.

Heater Styles

The temperature inside fired heaters can reach a toasty 2,200° F.

Heater and coil combinations vary by application, but cabin/box and cylindrical style are thTubes/Coilse main types of heaters. The main difference is the orientation of tubes in the radiant section. In a vertical cylindrical heater, the tubes are arranged vertically while a cabin heater’s tubes are usually horizontal.
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