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Sperm quality and epigenetic markers play a crucial role in pregnancy outcomes, influencing the risks of complications such as miscarriage, preterm birth, and preeclampsia. While much focus is placed on maternal health, research increasingly shows that paternal factors also contribute significantly to fetal development and overall pregnancy success.

Poor sperm quality—characterized by low motility, abnormal morphology, or DNA fragmentation—can lead to failed implantation, early pregnancy loss, or developmental abnormalities in the embryo. Sperm DNA damage, for instance, has been linked to a higher risk of miscarriage due to genetic instability. Additionally, epigenetic markers on sperm, which regulate gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, can influence placental function and fetal growth. Abnormal epigenetic modifications—potentially caused by factors like age, diet, smoking, or environmental toxins—have been associated with an increased likelihood of preeclampsia, a condition characterized by high blood pressure and organ damage in pregnant women.

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