Скачать или смотреть How Crazy Was Emperor Caligula? The Evidence

Was the Roman emperor Caligula really an insane tyrant? That's the popular portrayal of Rome's third emperor. However ... almost everything we know about Caligula comes from hostile sources, writing decades or centuries after the fact. And those ancient writers’ accounts of him often contradict each other and other available evidence.

So let's take a closer look at the actions and events of Caligula’s reign. The same events cited by ancient writers and uncritical modern ones as PROOF that Caligula was insane.

Like that time he supposedly made his horse Incitatus a senator ...

Or when he bankrupted the empire in less than 4 years ...

Or made his soldiers pick up seashells as spoils of war...

TIMESTAMPS
00:00 -- The 'Mad Emperor'
01:33 -- The Problem of Sources
02:02 -- Suetonius: Historian or Gossip?
05:05 -- Cassius Dio and his biases
06:33 -- Josephus & His Writings
07:29 -- Seneca
08:30 -- Philo of Alexandria
09:15 -- What about Tacitus?
09:37 -- The Augustan Context
12:00 -- Augustan Rule
15:41 -- The Reign of Tiberius
18:38 -- Caligula's Early Life
20:00 -- Death of Germanicus (Caligula's Father)
24:48 -- Emperor Caligula
25:52 -- Caligula's First Steps as Emperor
27:48 -- Caligula's 'Brain Sickness'
30:46 -- Rupture with the Senate
32:15 -- The Bridge of Boats
36:32 -- Did Caligula Dress His Wife as a Soldier?
41:14 -- Did Caligula Show Off His Naked Wife?
42:21 -- Caligula the General
44:30 -- Caligula's 'Crazy' Auctions
45:20 -- Caligula's Seashells
47:58 -- Did Caligula Commit Incest with His Sisters?
49:36 -- Did Caligula His Horse a Senator/Consul?
52:33 -- Caligula Bankrupted the Empire
53:50 -- Caligula Wished to Be a God
57:12 -- Caligula & the Jews
1:02:47 -- Assassination of Caligula
1:06:50 -- Closing Thoughts

SOURCES
ANCIENT
"The Lives of the Twelve Caesars" by Suetonius
https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/...

"Antiquities of the Jews - Book XIX" by Josephus
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus...

"Roman History" by Cassius Dio
https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/...

MODERN
"Caligula: The Corruption of Power" by Anthony Barrett (1989)

"Caligula: A Biography" by Aloys Winterling (2003)

"Caligula: Emperor of Rome" by Arther Ferrill (1991)

Fishwick, Duncan, and Brent D. Shaw. “Ptolemy of Mauretania and the Conspiracy of Gaetulicus.” Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte 25, no. 4 (1976): 491–94. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4435530.

Kleijwegt, Marc. “Caligula’s ‘Triumph’ at Baiae.” Mnemosyne 47, no. 5 (1994): 652–71. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4432433.

Wardle, David. “Caligula’s Bridge of Boats - AD 39 or 40?” Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte 56, no. 1 (2007): 118–20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25598379.

Woods, David. “CALIGULA DISPLAYS CAESONIA (SUET. CALIG. 25.3).” Rheinisches Museum Für Philologie 157, no. 1 (2014): 27–36. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24392820.

Kleijwegt, M. “CALIGULA AS AUCTIONEER.” Acta Classica 39 (1996): 55–66. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24594577.

Woods, David. “CALIGULA AS VENUS (SUET. CALIG. 52).” Rheinisches Museum Für Philologie 161, no. 3/4 (2018): 422–32. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45174371.

Woods, David. “CALIGULA ON AUGUSTUS’ ALLEGED INCEST WITH JULIA.” Rheinisches Museum Für Philologie 152, no. 3/4 (2009): 400–404. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41234809.

Woods, David. “Caligula’s Seashells.” Greece & Rome 47, no. 1 (2000): 80–87. http://www.jstor.org/stable/826949.

Malloch, S. J. V. “Gaius on the Channel Coast.” The Classical Quarterly 51, no. 2 (2001): 551–56. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3556530.

Bicknell, Peter. “The Emperor Gaius’ Military Activities in A.D. 40.” Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte 17, no. 4 (1968): 496–505. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4435047.

WOODS, DAVID. “CALIGULA, INCITATUS, AND THE CONSULSHIP.” The Classical Quarterly 64, no. 2 (2014): 772–77. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43905613.

WARDLE, D. “SUETONIUS ON AUGUSTUS AS GOD AND MAN.” The Classical Quarterly 62, no. 1 (2012): 307–26. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41820015.

Charlesworth, M. P. “The Tradition about Caligula.” Cambridge Historical Journal 4, no. 2 (1933): 105–19. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3020590.

Simpson, C. J. “The Cult of the Emperor Gaius.” Latomus 40, no. 3 (1981): 489–511. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41532141.

Gruen, Erich S. “Caligula, The Imperial Cult, and Philo’s Legatio.” In The Construct of Identity in Hellenistic Judaism: Essays on Early Jewish Literature and History, 1st ed., 397–410. De Gruyter, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbkjx....

Catharine Edwards. Review of A Crazy Emperor?, by Arther Ferrill. The Classical Review 42, no. 1 (1992): 114–15. http://www.jstor.org/stable/711921.

WARDLE, DAVID. “WHEN DID GAIUS CALIGULA DIE?” Acta Classica 34 (1991): 158–65. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24591941.

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