define access modifiers in java

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access modifiers in java are keywords that determine the visibility or accessibility of classes, methods, and variables. they play a crucial role in encapsulation, one of the fundamental principles of object-oriented programming. java provides four access modifiers:

1. *public*
2. *private*
3. *protected*
4. *default* (no modifier)

1. public access modifier

**visibility**: the public access modifier allows the class, method, or variable to be accessible from any other class in any package.
**use case**: it is used when you want to provide complete access to the member.

**example**:


2. private access modifier

**visibility**: the private access modifier restricts the visibility to the defining class only. it cannot be accessed from outside the class.
**use case**: it is used to hide sensitive data or methods from outside classes.

**example**:


3. protected access modifier

**visibility**: the protected access modifier allows visibility within the same package and through subclasses (even if they are in different packages).
**use case**: it is commonly used when defining a base class and allowing subclasses to access its members.

**example**:


4. default access modifier

**visibility**: the default access modifier (no modifier specified) allows visibility only within the same package. it is not accessible from classes in different packages.
**use case**: it is used when you want to restrict access to classes or members within the same package.

**example**:


summary

**public**: accessible from anywhere.
**private**: accessible only within the defining class.
**protected**: accessible within the same package and subclasses.
**default**: accessible only within the same package (no modifier).

using these access modifiers appropriately can help you design your classes and apis with better encapsulation and security.

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