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I. Defining the Problem and Formulating a Plan
1. Defining Analytical Objectives:
What problem needs to be solved?
Is qualitative or quantitative analysis required?
2. Selecting an Analytical Method:
Choose the most suitable analytical method based on the objectives, properties of the analyte, required precision and accuracy, equipment availability, cost, and time constraints.
3. Sampling:
Collect a small, representative portion of the material to be analyzed from a larger quantity.
II. Sample Pretreatment
1. Preparation and Preservation:
Process the collected sample through drying, grinding, mixing, etc., to achieve homogeneity.
2. Decomposition and Dissolution
3. Separation and Enrichment
III. Analytical Determination
Calibration:
Before measuring unknown samples, the instrument must be calibrated using standard substances of known concentration to establish the relationship between signal response and concentration.
This is the foundation of quantitative analysis.
2. Measurement:
Use the selected analytical method to measure the pretreated samples and record the data.
Common instruments: Spectrophotometer, chromatograph, mass spectrometer, atomic absorption spectrometer, etc.
IV. Data Processing and Result Calculation
Convert the raw measurement data into meaningful chemical information.
V. Result Interpretation and Reporting
The report should clearly and completely present the entire analytical process.