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Understanding Nuclear Fission Explained In Hindi

Nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction or radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of a heavy atom splits into two or more smaller, lighter nuclei. This process is accompanied by the release of a tremendous amount of energy, along with the emission of neutrons and gamma rays.

How Nuclear Fission Works
Initiation: Nuclear fission is typically initiated when a heavy, unstable nucleus (such as Uranium-235 or Plutonium-239) absorbs a neutron. The absorption of this neutron makes the already unstable nucleus even more unstable.

Splitting (Fission): The newly formed, highly unstable compound nucleus then undergoes immediate fission, splitting into two or more smaller fission products (daughter nuclei). These fission products are usually highly radioactive themselves.

Release of Neutrons: Crucially, along with the fission products, two or three new neutrons are also released during the splitting process.

Energy Release: The total mass of the fission products and the emitted neutrons is slightly less than the mass of the original heavy nucleus plus the initial neutron. This "missing mass" is converted into a very large amount of energy according to Einstein's famous mass-energy equivalence equation,

E=Δmc
2

. This energy is released primarily as kinetic energy of the fission products and emitted neutrons, and as gamma radiation.

The Nuclear Chain Reaction
The release of additional neutrons during fission is what makes a nuclear chain reaction possible.

If these newly released neutrons strike other fissile nuclei in the vicinity, they can induce further fission events.

If, on average, more than one of the released neutrons goes on to cause another fission, the reaction will escalate rapidly, leading to an uncontrolled chain reaction. This is the principle behind nuclear weapons (atomic bombs).

If, on average, exactly one of the released neutrons goes on to cause another fission, the reaction can be sustained at a constant rate, leading to a controlled chain reaction. This is the principle used in nuclear power plants to generate electricity.

Key Fissile Materials
The most common fissile materials used in nuclear fission are:

Uranium-235 (
92
235
​
U): The only naturally occurring fissile isotope. It constitutes only about 0.7% of natural uranium, so it often needs to be "enriched" (its concentration increased) for use in reactors or weapons.

Plutonium-239 (
94
239
​
Pu): A synthetic fissile isotope produced in nuclear reactors from Uranium-238.

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