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The Evolution of Humans

The evolution of humans is a long process through which modern humans (Homo sapiens) developed from earlier ancestors over millions of years. Here’s a simple explanation of the major stages:


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1. Early Ancestors (6–7 million years ago)

The earliest human-like species lived in Africa.

Example: Sahelanthropus tchadensis — walked partly upright and had both ape-like and human-like features.



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2. Australopithecus (4–2 million years ago)

Example: Australopithecus afarensis (“Lucy”).

Walked on two legs (bipedal).

Still had a small brain, similar to that of chimpanzees.



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3. Homo habilis (2.4–1.4 million years ago)

Name means “handy man.”

First to make and use simple stone tools.

Brain size increased slightly.



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4. Homo erectus (1.8 million – 300,000 years ago)

Stood fully upright.

Used fire and more advanced tools.

First human species to migrate out of Africa to Asia and Europe.



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5. Homo neanderthalensis (400,000–40,000 years ago)

Commonly called Neanderthals.

Lived in Europe and western Asia.

Strong, intelligent, and skilled in hunting.

Had culture—buried their dead and used tools.

Eventually disappeared (possibly due to climate changes or interbreeding with Homo sapiens).



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6. Homo sapiens (300,000 years ago – present)

Modern humans.

Developed complex language, art, religion, and society.

Created advanced tools, agriculture, and technology.

Spread across the entire world.