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Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, sociologist, and prominent advocate of evolutionary theory. He is best known for his theory of social Darwinism and his contributions to the field of sociology.

Spencer's early work focused on biology and evolution. He coined the phrase "survival of the fittest," which he used to describe the process of natural selection, though it's often associated with Charles Darwin. Spencer applied evolutionary principles to society, arguing that societies evolve in a manner similar to biological organisms, with those best adapted to their environment thriving and progressing.

In sociology, Spencer developed a comprehensive theory of social evolution, outlining the progression of societies from simple to complex forms. He believed that societies evolve from "military" to "industrial" forms, with increasing specialization and differentiation of social functions.

Spencer's ideas had a significant impact on the intellectual landscape of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, influencing fields as diverse as sociology, psychology, anthropology, and political theory. However, his theories have also been criticized for their simplistic application of evolutionary principles to complex social phenomena and for their sometimes problematic implications, particularly in the form of social Darwinism, which justified inequalities and discrimination on the basis of natural selection.

Despite the controversies surrounding his work, Herbert Spencer remains an important figure in the history of sociology and evolutionary theory, and his ideas continue to be studied and debated in academic circles.