Скачать или смотреть 7.1 The “Solomonic” Dynasty & the Christian Kingdom, 13th -16th Centuries

7.1 The “Solomonic” Dynasty & the Christian Kingdom, 13th -16th Centuries
"Solomonic" Dynasty Origins
• Founded by local ruler Yekuno-Amlak, claiming descent from Aksumite kings.
• Utilized Queen of Sheba and King Solomon's legend.
• Powerful in 1270, claiming illegitimacy of Zagwe rulers.
• Named after Queen of Sheba and King Solomon.
"Solomonic" Descent in Ethiopian History
• Legendary claim of descent from King Solomon of Israel.
• Kibre Negest in 14th century elaborates on this claim.
• Ethiopian ruling class descended from Menilek I, son of Queen of Sheba and King Solomon.
• Ethiopian monarchs claimed descent from Menilek I.

7.1 The “Solomonic” Dynasty & the Christian Kingdom, 13th -16th Centuries
"Solomonic" Dynasty Origins
• Founded by local ruler Yekuno-Amlak, claiming descent from Aksumite kings.
• Utilized Queen of Sheba and King Solomon's legend.
• Powerful in 1270, claiming illegitimacy of Zagwe rulers.
• Named after Queen of Sheba and King Solomon.
"Solomonic" Descent in Ethiopian History
• Legendary claim of descent from King Solomon of Israel.
• Kibre Negest in 14th century elaborates on this claim.
• Ethiopian ruling class descended from Menilek I, son of Queen of Sheba and King Solomon.
• Ethiopian monarchs claimed descent from Menilek I.

7.1 The “Solomonic” Dynasty & the Christian Kingdom, 13th -16th Centuries
Political Instability and Succession in Ethiopia
• Political instability led to power struggles among Yikuno-Amlak's sons and grandsons.
• Succession problem partially resolved in 1300 under Widim-Ra'ad's reign.
• Establishment of 'royal prison' at Amba-Gishen.
• All-male royal family confined.
• Loyal soldiers guarded the prison.
• Court dignitaries sent army to escort the designated successor.
• Practice continued until Amba-Gishen was destroyed by Imam Ahmad Ibrahim Al-Ghazi in 1540.
Medieval Monarchy's Rule
• No permanent capital like Aksum or Lalibela.
• Ruled through mobile courts for two centuries.
• "Restored" dynasty center in South Wollo, Lake Haiq.

7.1 The “Solomonic” Dynasty & the Christian Kingdom, 13th -16th Centuries
Ethiopian Capital Movement and Adaptations
• The Ethiopian capital movement shifted southward to Menz, Tegulet, Bulga, and Yerer and Zequalla districts.
• Mobile camps were used for daily food supplies and firewood for court officials, soldiers, and servants.
• Military motives led to the shift from fixed to mobile settlements.
• Mobile capitals moved to food supply areas, impoverished their hinterlands, and influenced political integration.
• These adaptations made capital stabilization difficult, contributing to the continuation of capital movement.
Medieval Cities' Physical and Environmental Challenges
• Dirty, odorous cities with animal and human waste.
• Air and water pollution due to burning firewood.
• Inability to control water pollution, especially from animal slaughtering.
• Deforestation due to daily camp dweller needs.
• Abandoned camp sites and surroundings.

7.1 The “Solomonic” Dynasty & the Christian Kingdom, 13th -16th Centuries
Christian Kingdom's Gult System Administration
• Consolidated feudal system known as the gult system.
• State officials guaranteed gult right to collect tribute from local peasants.
• Officials shared peasantry's produce, known as bale-gult or gult owner.
Bale-gult's Political and Economic Privileges
• Bale-gult's rank in state hierarchy determined peasant distribution.
• Bale-gult had political and economic privileges over peasants.
• Bale-gult could collect tributes, use labor, and command local army during crises.
• Bale-gult was responsible for maintaining law and order in his area.
• This system simplified administering the Christian empire by dividing it into smaller units.
• Bale-gult maintained a large territorial army, used to control Muslims and other states.

7.1 The “Solomonic” Dynasty & the Christian Kingdom, 13th -16th Centuries
Ethiopian Feudalism
• Rist right: Claim to hereditary land ownership.
• Gult right: State official's service in return for salary.
• Rist right was communal, state provided security, peasants paid tribute.
• Gult right was not hereditary, remained a predominant feature of Ethiopian feudalism.
"Solomonic" Dynasty Rulers' Influence
• Maintained Aksum's political and cultural traditions.
• Expanded Christianity in various directions.
• Exerted political and religious powers simultaneously.
• Church-state relationship strengthened, reaching peak.
• Continued Zagwe's foreign relations with Egypt, Middle East, Europe, Portugal, and Spain.