Скачать или смотреть (Ep. 3) Analysis of Reasoning: Going Deeper- Questions Implied by the Elements, Standards, & Virtues

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This is the third episode of Critical Thinking: Going Deeper, which was long only available to members of The Center for Critical Thinking Community Online (community.criticalthinking.org).

In this episode, Drs. Linda Elder and Gerald Nosich have an in-depth discussion about questions as an element of reasoning, and specifically about questions that are implied by the Elements of Reasoning, Intellectual Standards, and Intellectual Virtues.

Elements of reasoning (AKA parts of thought, structures of thinking, etc.) are the eight the parts of thinking embedded or pre-supposed in all reasoning. They include purposes, questions, information, inferences, assumptions, concepts, implications, and points of view.

Intellectual standards are standards which must be applied to thinking whenever one is interested in checking the quality of reasoning about a problem, issue, or situation. To think critically entails having command of these standards. Some of the most important intellectual standards include clarity, accuracy precision, depth, breadth, fairness, relevance, significance, and logicality.

Intellectual virtues (AKA valuable intellectual traits or dispositions) are the interdependent traits of mind and character necessary for frequently and systematically engaging in reasonable, ethical thinking and action. These virtues are developed over time through routine, high-quality analysis and evaluation of thought - e.g., by consistently applying rational intellectual standards to the elements of reasoning over time, while also identifying and intervening in the many manifestations of egocentric and sociocentric thinking that are natural to all humans. Intellectual virtues include, but are not limited to, intellectual sense of justice, intellectual perseverance, intellectual integrity, intellectual empathy, fairmindedness, and intellectual discipline.

This podcast touches on one or a few aspect(s) of an overarching body of theory known as the Paul-Elder Framework for Critical Thinking, and its content must be understood in the broader context of this framework. You can become more familiar with our approach to critical thinking through other videos on this channel, and through our websites (see below).

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