Treasury Stock. FAR CPA Exam

In this session, we explain treasury stock in a form of an example.
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Understanding Treasury Stock
Treasury stock refers to shares that were once part of the outstanding shares of a company but were subsequently reacquired by the company itself. These shares are held in the company's treasury and are essentially taken out of circulation. Treasury stock plays a significant role in corporate finance, affecting shareholders' equity and the distribution of dividends. Here’s a comprehensive overview of treasury stock, its implications, and how it's managed.

1. How Treasury Stock is Created
Treasury stock is created when a company buys back its own shares from investors. This can be done for various reasons, including to reduce the number of shares on the market, to increase the ownership stake of remaining shareholders, or to make use of excess cash to improve financial ratios.

2. Accounting for Treasury Stock
Treasury stock is recorded on the balance sheet under shareholders' equity as a contra equity account. This means it has a debit balance, unlike most other equity accounts, which have credit balances. The cost method and the par value method are two primary ways to account for treasury stock:

Cost Method: The most common method, where the cost of the repurchased shares is debited to the treasury stock account.
Par Value Method: Less common, involves debiting the treasury stock account for the par value of the repurchased shares and the excess of the purchase price over par value to the additional paid-in capital account.
3. Effects of Treasury Stock
On Shareholders' Equity
Reduces Equity: Buying back shares reduces total shareholders' equity because the company is using its assets to buy back equity.
Reduces Outstanding Shares: This can increase the earnings per share (EPS) since there are fewer shares among which profits are distributed.
On Corporate Control
Increases Control: Repurchasing shares can be a strategy to consolidate control, reducing the risk of hostile takeovers since fewer shares are available for potential hostile parties to purchase.
On Dividends
Impact on Dividends: Treasury shares do not receive dividends. This can effectively increase the dividend yield of remaining shares if the same total dividend is distributed among fewer shares.
4. Reasons for Repurchasing Shares
Share Price Support: Companies might buy back shares to support the stock price during times of market weakness or when the management feels the stock is undervalued.
Financial Strategy: Improving financial ratios such as return on equity (ROE) and earnings per share (EPS) by reducing the number of outstanding shares.
Employee Compensation Plans: Shares held as treasury stock can be used to fulfill obligations under employee stock option plans (ESOPs) and other compensation-related requirements.
5. Disposal of Treasury Stock
When a company decides to dispose of treasury stock, it can either reissue the shares to the public or permanently retire them. If the shares are reissued, they become part of the outstanding shares again. If the shares are retired, the company reduces the number of shares it has issued.

Reissuing Shares: This can provide the company with additional capital if needed, without the necessity of issuing all-new shares.
Retiring Shares: Permanently reduces the number of shares outstanding, which can have long-term benefits for financial ratios.
6. Regulatory and Disclosure Requirements
Companies must comply with regulatory requirements regarding treasury stock transactions, including disclosure in financial statements under applicable accounting standards. These transactions are closely monitored to ensure they do not manipulate earnings or mislead investors.

Conclusion
Treasury stock is a key component of a company's equity management strategy. It affects the company's capital structure, control, financial health, and shareholder value. Understanding how treasury stock works helps investors and corporate managers make informed decisions regarding equity transactions and corporate governance.








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