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Buffer Array Methods in Java: A Detailed Tutorial

Buffers in Java, specifically those introduced with the New I/O (NIO) API (java.nio), provide a more efficient and flexible way to work with data compared to traditional streams. They are designed for high-performance I/O operations, especially when dealing with data coming from or going to channels (e.g., files, sockets).

This tutorial will cover the core concepts of buffers, their types, and the key methods available for manipulating them. We'll also provide illustrative code examples to solidify your understanding.

*1. What is a Buffer?*

At its heart, a buffer is a contiguous block of memory that holds a sequence of elements of the same data type (e.g., bytes, characters, integers, floats). Buffers are designed to be used in conjunction with channels for data transfer.

*Key characteristics of Buffers:*

*Memory Allocation:* Buffers allocate memory upfront, making them suitable for bulk data operations.
*Direct or Indirect:* Buffers can be direct or *indirect*. Direct buffers are allocated directly in native memory (outside the JVM's heap), minimizing data copying during I/O operations. Indirect buffers, on the other hand, are backed by a Java array and reside in the JVM's heap.
*Positional:* Buffers are positional data structures, meaning that data is accessed and modified based on an internal index.

*2. Buffer Properties: Position, Limit, and Capacity*

Every buffer maintains three crucial properties:

*Position:* The index of the next element to be read or written. It starts at 0 and is incremented by the relative `get()` and `put()` operations.
*Limit:* The index of the first element that should not be read or written. It defines the boundary of the data that can be accessed.
*Capacity:* The maximum number of elements the buffer can hold. It is set when the buffer is created and remains fixed.

*Invariants:*

The following invariants always hold true:

`0 = ...

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