Genetics and Sexual Differentiation

development the Primitive reproductive tracts are in the form of a pair of ducks called the mullerian duck and the wolfian duck as development proceeds one of the pairs of ducts develops while the other regresses it is the presence or absence of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome that dictates which Ducks develop male fetuses have inherited a y chromosome from the sperm the sex determining region of the Y chromosome is also known as the sry gene recall that males are x y and females are XX the sry gene is only found on the sex determining region of this Y chromosome first the sry Gene gets transcribed and translated to make testes determining factor or tdf tdf travels to the DNA and binds to it when tdf binds it allows for the transcription and translation of genes that create transcription factors such as socks 9 Sox 9 will then go and bind to different portions of the DNA allowing for other genes to be expressed the Sox 9 acts to develop the Primitive testes the testes then begin to mature and create different cell types that will play a key role in sexual differentiation the developing testes contain two types of cells the latex cells and certoli cells lading cells release testosterone and sertoli cells release anti-mullerian hormone or am H testosterone triggers the development of the wolfian duct into the male reproductive organs including the epididymis the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles while testosterone secreted from the testes acts to stimulate the growth and development of reproductive organs the anti-mullerian hormones or amh acts to inhibit the formation of the mullerian ducts which would mature into Fallopian tubes the uterus and the upper regions of the v five Alpha reductase type 2 Gene in a huge complex Cascade of events leading to sexual development in the womb small alterations can have a big impact in 5 Ard there is a genetic mutation that causes the enzyme 5-alpha reductase to lack the ability to convert testosterone into diet hydrotestosterone or DHT a term for this condition is guava doses which literally translates as penis at 12. other names for this condition have been much a hembrus which means first a woman then a man and turnips which means expected to become men as you may have guessed from these names individuals having this order are born looking physically female they are born with all of the female secondary sexual characteristics including female external genitalia they are born without any male characteristics or any visible physical indication that they are genetically male imagine being born as a 5 Arctually very prevalent in an isolated Village in the southwestern region of the Dominican Republic and in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea the phenomenon of 5 Ard in these populations have changed the perception of gender genetically five Ard males are X Y their Y chromosome has dihydroxy testosterone or DHT pseudohermaphrodite is fully accepted and during puberty the child's physical transformation into a male is marked by a joyous celebration there's also a condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia or cah cah is a term for several genetic conditions that alter the production of mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids or sex steroids most of these conditions shallow vagina heterosexual precocious puberty occurs when the child of a certain sex impair female genitalia or sexual development men with AIS are genetically male but but appear outwardly female these cases usually only become evident at the onset of puberty when menstruation fails to begin kleinfelter syndrome is a set of symptoms that results from a male having two or more X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome the primary features of kleinfelter syndrome are sterility weaker muscles poor coordination decreased body hair breast growth and smaller genitals the underlying mechanism involves that there's at least an extra X chromosome in addition to the Y chromosome such as xxy or even xxxy astonishingly kleinfelder syndrome is one of the most common chromosomal disorders occurring in up to 1 in 500 life male births turning syndrome is a condition in which a female is missing an X chromosome instead of being XX they're X zero signs and symptoms vary but common traits include a webbed neck low set ears a low hairline short stature an absence of menstruation underdeveloped breasts and infertility Turner syndrome occurs in between 1 and 2000 and one in five thousand females at Birth generally people with Turner Syndrome have a shorter life expectancy and are more likely to develop heart problems and diabetes fragile X syndrome