Скачать или смотреть GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | HDI | PQLI | MPI | GHI | LEC 7 | MACROECONOMICS | UGC NET | BY SAURABH SIR

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | HDI | PQLI | MPI | GHI | LEC 7 | MACROECONOMICS | UGC NET | BY SAURABH SIR

Growth and Development
From a biological perspective, the terms “growth” and “development” cannot be used interchangeably:

Growth refers to the increase in mass and size of a body or organs. It typically occurs through the multiplication of cells and an increase in intracellular substance
Development refers to the physiological and functional maturation of the organism. It also refers to the increase in capacity and skill to effectively function.

Growth and Development

Growth takes place all through the lifetime, but variably. In the case of humans, the rate of growth is faster until maturity. After attaining maturity, growth is gradual and slows down before it completely ceases.

Morphogenesis is the process where an organism is “shaped” by embryological factors such as the differentiation of cells, tissues and the development of organs and subsequent organ systems according to genetic “blueprint” of particular organism.

Types of Growth
We shall focus on the types of grwith seen in plants:

Primary and Secondary Growth: The mitotic divisions in meristematic cells at the root and shoot apex hikes the length of the plant. This is called Primary Growth while Secondary meristem, which results in an increased diameter of the plant is known as Secondary Growth.
Vegetative Growth: The growth in plants before flowering is known as vegetative growth and includes the formation of leaves, branches, and stems.
Reproductive Growth: In this stage, the plants begin to flower which is a reproductive member of the plant.
Characteristics of Growth
Plants exhibit the ability to grow throughout their life. It is because of the presence of meristems at particular locations on the body and meristems have the capability to divide and self-perpetuate.

Growth is measurable. Growth is the consequence of the increase in protoplasm and this rise is not easy to measure. Growth is measured by different methods such as the rise in dry weight, the number of cells, volume, hike in fresh weight or volume.

The figure below shows the position of root apical meristem, vascular cambium and shoot apical meristem. The arrows show the growth direction of organs and cells.

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