Explain Different Types of Strain in Molecules | Stereochemistry | Organic Chemistry

Every organic molecule generally exist in different structural isomers / conformation. The relative study of stability between different conformation is referred as conformational analysis.
Every conformational analysis is based on magnitude of strain / discomfort associated with the structural isomer for the given organic molecule.
Vander Waal's Strain: Every atom in a molecule has an effective radius around it with respect to other atom with which are not bonded it is refers as vander waal’s radius. If the two such types of atoms are oriented so close to each other that the distance between them becomes less than the sum of vander waal radii, they starts repelling each other this force of repulsion is referred as Vander waal strain. It is clear from the above discussion that the vander waal strain will be high in magnitude in case of those molecules which posses the over crowding of atoms.
Trans Annular Strain: It is also a type of vander waal strain exhibited by two different atoms or group of atoms, which are actually placed far apart from each other but oriented in such way that due to structural position they repel each other. Such repulsive interaction is known as trans annular strain. Eclipsed conformation is found to be always less stable than corresponding staggered conformation. In eclipsed conformation due to elipsing interaction of different atom or group of atom a strain is developed at the carbon atoms holding such group this type of strain is referred as pitzer /torsional strain.
Pitzer/Torsional Strain: Eclipsed conformation is found to be always less stable than corresponding staggered conformation. In eclipsed conformation due to elipsing interaction of different atom or group of atom a strain is developed at the carbon atoms holding such group this type of strain is referred as pitzer /torsional strain. Thus any deviation from the most stable staggered conformation of a molecule to the relative unstable eclipsed conformation introduces pitzer /torsional strain in the molecule e.g. consider staggered and eclipsed conformation of ethane.
Bond Opposition Strain: This is type of strain/ repulsive interaction exhibited by bonding pair of electrons, specially during eclipsed conformation of a molecule.
Angle Strain (Bayer Strain): This type of strain arises only in cyclic compounds. The saturated carbon atoms have the normal tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. When these carbon atoms form a ring there will be deformation of the bonds and hence it results in a deviation from the normal tetrahedral angle. This causes the angle strain. Baeyer calculated the angle strain by assuming that all the cycloalkane rings are planar.

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