ICSE Class 9 History Chapter 1: Harappan Civilization | Ancient History

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Civilization
Latin – “Civis” – one who resides in town
Harappa – 1921 – Dayaram Sahani
Mohenjo-Daro – 1922 – RD Banerjee
John Marshall: 3250-2750 BCE
Radiocarbon dating: 2500-1750 BCE (similar to Mesopotamian & Egyptian)
Mature Indus Valley Phase: 2200-2000 BCE


Civilization
Town Planning
Grid pattern with alignment of streets, planning of houses
West: Citadel on high platform (public building, granaries & religious structures: ruling class of merchants and priest) – surrounded by wall to protect from invasion & flood
Lower Town or Town Proper: below citadel
Drainage
Good sense of health & sanitation
House drain open into street drains
Houses had own soak-pits to sink water to underground sewer
Drains made of mortar, lime & gypsum covered with brick and stones
Manholes at regular interval for inspection
Art & Craft: Granaries, Great Bath, Sculpture
Pillared Hall in MohenjoDaro (24.5 m2) – assembly hall to carry business of state.
Great Granary in MohenjoDaro (45.71 m long & 15.23 m wide) - to store garins. At Harappa (2 rows of 6 granaries)
Great Bath in MohenjoDaro (55 m long & 35 m wide) – swimming pool in center (12 m long, 7 m wide & 2.5 m deep)
Art & Craft: Seals, Script
Script: pictographic, not deciphered – around 250-400 letters – engraved on seals
Seals: 2000 – pottery, ivory, faience, steatite
Seal of Shiva Paushupati at MohenjoDaro
Religion
Mother Goddess or Shakti – divine mother – femal energy is source of all creation
Shiva – seated on raised platform with cross legs and yogic posture and sight fixed on tip of nose.
Pipal tree – abode of gods
Dove bird – sacred
Afraid of demons
Had faith in charms and amulets
Trade
Commercial relations with outside world
Seals of Indus script & brahmani Bulls found at Sumerian (Mesopotamian sites)
From Sumerians: engraved steatite vessel, moderm ram, adze, pottery rings
Trade with Egypt and Crete through Sumer – seal of mastless ship with central cabin and steersman seated at rudder
Lothal as earliest dockyard connected to Sabarmati river (some believed this dockyard was irrigation tank and Lothal was small town)
Decline
Floods
Epidemics
Climate change
Attacked by Aryans
Earthquakes