Histology of Palatine tonsils - Shotgun Histology

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Histology of Palatine tonsils - Shotgun Histology

Palatine Tonsils
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These are located between the palatoglossal arch anteriorly and the palatopharyngeal arch posteriorly. They are located in the isthmus of the fauces (a cavity bound laterally by the palatoglossal arches, superiorly by the soft palate and by the tongue underneath). Laterally they are attached to the wall by a fibrous capsule and are covered in stratified squamous epithelium on the pharyngeal side. The tonsil is penetrated by 15-20 crypts. The lumen of the crypts contain lymphocytes, bacteria, and desquamated epithelial cells.

The palatine tonsils receive their blood supply from the tonsillar branches of five arteries:

ascending palatine branch of the facial artery
tonsillar branch of the facial artery
ascending pharyngeal branch of the external carotid
dorsal lingual branch of the lingual artery
lesser palatine branch of the descending palatine artery
Venous drainage is to the internal jugular vein via the peritonsillar plexus of lingual and pharyngeal veins.

The nerve supply to the palatine tonsils arises from the maxillary division (V2 division) of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) as well as the tonsillar branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX). The glossopharyngeal nerve will also continue on to supply taste to the posterior one-third of the tongue as well as sensation.

Histology
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Microscopically, the tonsil is a mass of lymphoid follicles supported on a connective tissue framework. In addition, the center of each of these nodules is densely packed with lymphocytes, and is referred to as the germinal center. The tonsillar crypts (except the pharyngeal tonsil) will penetrate from the surface, almost down to the very center of the tonsil follicle. The luminal surfaces of the tonsils are coated in non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium, which is the same tissue of the surrounding oropharynx.

They have antigen-presenting cells on their surface that alert the underlying B and T cells, which are part of the adaptive immune response. In addition, the B cells produce antibodies, mainly IgA, which act to provide immune protection on mucosal surfaces.

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