Скачать или смотреть "SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING PROCES" //Fabrication //Photo Lithography //

The semiconductor manufacturing process is a highly complex, multi-stage procedure that transforms raw materials, typically pure silicon, into intricate integrated circuits (ICs), or chips, which are the backbone of modern electronics.Wafer Fabrication (Front-End Process)
This is where the actual circuits are built on the silicon wafer.
Wafer Preparation: High-purity silicon is refined, grown into large single-crystal cylinders (ingots), and then sliced into thin, highly polished wafers that serve as the substrate.
Circuit Patterning: The circuit design is transferred onto the wafer's surface using a repetitive cycle of steps.
Deposition: Thin films of materials (conductors, insulators, or other semiconductors) are grown or deposited onto the wafer.
Photolithography: The wafer is coated with a light-sensitive material called photoresist. A mask containing the circuit blueprint is used to expose specific areas of the photoresist to light, similar to developing a photograph.
Etching: Exposed (or unexposed) material is selectively removed using wet chemicals or dry plasma, transferring the pattern from the photoresist onto the underlying thin film layer.