Скачать или смотреть Magnificent Yantras : - Chakra Yantra

The *Chakra Yantra* at Jantar Mantar is an important astronomical instrument designed to measure the coordinates of celestial objects using the equatorial coordinate system. The word Chakra translates to "circle" or "wheel," reflecting the instrument’s circular design. It is used primarily for determining the declination and the hour angle of celestial bodies.

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**Structure and Design**:

1. **Circular Dial**:
The Chakra Yantra is a large circular ring with angular divisions marked along its circumference.
The divisions are finely calibrated for precise readings.

2. **Inclination**:
The ring is inclined at an angle equal to the latitude of the observatory (e.g., Jaipur ~27°), aligning it with the celestial equator.
This alignment enables observations in the **equatorial coordinate system**, which is based on the celestial equator.

3. **Central Axis**:
A central rod or axis passes through the circle, helping astronomers align the instrument with the Earth’s rotational axis.

4. **Sighting Mechanism**:
A sighting device, often attached to the ring, allows observers to track celestial objects and determine their precise positions.

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**Functionality**:

1. **Declination Measurement**:
The Chakra Yantra measures the *declination* (angular distance of a celestial body north or south of the celestial equator).

2. **Hour Angle**:
It helps calculate the **hour angle**, which is the angular distance of a celestial object from the local meridian, expressed in terms of time.

3. **Time Determination**:
By using the hour angle, astronomers could determine the local time of observations with high accuracy.

4. **Alignment and Calibration**:
The Chakra Yantra was also used to align other instruments and ensure their accuracy by providing reference celestial coordinates.

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**Scientific and Historical Significance**:

1. **Equatorial Coordinate System**:
The Chakra Yantra demonstrates an advanced understanding of the **equatorial coordinate system**, which remains a standard framework in modern astronomy.

2. **High Precision**:
The instrument's ability to make precise angular measurements highlights the mathematical and engineering skills of Indian astronomers in the 18th century.

3. **Versatility**:
It was used for multiple purposes, including timekeeping, positional astronomy, and celestial navigation.

4. **Legacy of Sawai Jai Singh II**:
The Chakra Yantra reflects the vision of Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, who sought to integrate traditional Indian astronomy with the most advanced techniques of his time.

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**Cultural and Educational Role**:

1. **Teaching Tool**:
The instrument was used to teach students and scholars about the celestial sphere and the principles of equatorial coordinates.

2. **Astrological Applications**:
Like other instruments at Jantar Mantar, the Chakra Yantra also had applications in astrology, particularly for understanding planetary movements.

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**Present-Day Importance**:

The *Chakra Yantra* continues to attract scientists, historians, and tourists, offering insights into ancient methods of celestial observation.
It serves as a historical artifact that bridges traditional Indian astronomy with modern scientific methods.

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In summary, the *Chakra Yantra* is a symbol of the advanced astronomical knowledge of ancient India. Its ability to accurately measure celestial coordinates demonstrates the ingenuity and scientific achievements of its creators, making it a central feature of the Jantar Mantar observatories.



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