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Yellow rust, or stripe rust, takes its name from the appearance of yellow-colored stripes produced parallel along the venations of each leaf blade. These yellow stripes are actually characteristic of uredinia that produce yellow colored urediniospores. Primary hosts of yellow rust of wheat are Triticum aestivum (bread wheat), Triticum turgidum (durum wheat), triticale, and a few Hordeum vulgare (barley) cultivars.

Other cereal rust fungi have macrocyclic, heteroecious life cycles, involving five spore stages and two phylogenetically unrelated hosts. The alternate host of stripe rust had been unknown until 2009, when a team of scientists at the USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab led by Dr. Yue Jin confirmed that barberry (Berberis spp.) is an alternate host.[2] Barberry was known as an alternate host of the closely related stem rust (Puccinia graminis ) stem rust, and for many years, when infection was observed on barberry, it was assumed to be stem rust.[3] Scientists observed rust infection on various barberry species, and inoculated spores onto grass hosts.[2] Kentucky Bluegrass showed infection characteristic of stripe rust. Later, infected wheat plants bearing teliospores were soaked in water and suspended over barberry species.[2] Infection was produced, thus solving a "century-old mystery" of plant pathology.[2]

The disease usually occurs early in the growth season, when temperature ranges between 2 and 15 °C (36 and 59 °F); but it may occur to a maximum of 23 °C (73 °F). High humidity and rainfall are favorable conditions for increasing the infection on both leaf blade and leaf sheath, even on spikes when in epidemic form. Symptoms are stunted and weakened plants, shriveled grains, fewer spikes, loss in number of grains per spike and grain weight. Losses can be 50%, but in severe situations 100% is vulnerable. In countries where wheat is grown in winters or at high elevations, yellow rust is a common threat, but not more significant than wheat leaf rust and stem rust, which are continuous threats in all wheat-growing countries. Temperatures during the time of winter wheat emergence and the coldest period of the year are crucial for epidemic development [4].