Скачать или смотреть History of Rome Part 1 The Foundation How did the great civilization of Rome begin

The history of Rome spans over two millennia and is generally divided into three major periods:

Regal Period (Monarchy) (c. 753 BC – 509 BC):
**Founding: According to legend, Rome was founded on April 21, 753 BC, by Romulus, who killed his twin brother Remus. Archaeological evidence suggests settlement on the Palatine Hill began around the 10th century BC.
Government: Rome was ruled by a series of seven kings, the last three of whom were traditionally believed to be Etruscan.

End: The monarchy was overthrown in 509 BC, and the Republic was established.
Roman Republic (509 BC – 27 BC):
Government: Power was theoretically distributed among Roman citizens through elected magistrates (like the two Consuls) and assemblies, though in practice it was often an aristocratic oligarchy.

Expansion in Italy: Rome gradually gained dominance over the Italian peninsula, particularly after conflicts like the Samnite Wars.
Punic Wars: Rome fought three major wars against Carthage (264–146 BC), which resulted in Rome becoming the dominant power in the entire Mediterranean.

Rise of Individual Power: The late Republic was marked by social unrest, civil wars, and the rise of powerful military leaders like Marius, Sulla, Pompey, and Julius Caesar.
Transition: Caesar's assassination in 44 BC and the subsequent power struggles between his heirs (notably Octavian) and Mark Antony led to the end of the Republic.

Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 476 in the West):
Principate/Early Empire: Octavian (later known as Augustus) was declared the first Roman Emperor in 27 BC, marking the beginning of the Empire. This period saw the Pax Romana (Roman Peace), an era of relative peace and stability.
Height of the Empire: Under emperors like Trajan (AD 98–117), the Empire reached its greatest territorial extent, stretching from Britain to the Persian Gulf.

Late Empire and Decline: From the 3rd century AD onward, the Empire faced internal strife, economic crisis, and increasing pressure from outside groups (often called "barbarians").
Division: Emperor Diocletian divided the Empire into Western and Eastern halves in AD 284 to improve administration. Emperor Constantine later moved the capital to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople) in AD 324, and legalized and later promoted Christianity.

Fall of the Western Roman Empire: Rome was sacked by the Visigoths in AD 410. The traditional date for the fall of the Western Roman Empire is AD 476, when the last Western Emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed by a Germanic chieftain.
Eastern Continuation: The Eastern Roman Empire, later known as the Byzantine Empire (centered in Constantinople), continued to flourish for another thousand years, finally falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.

Roman civilization profoundly influenced Western culture through its contributions to law, governance, language, architecture, and engineering.


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