Kuhn’s Paradigm:Phases of Science-Pre-Paradigmatic Phase,Normal Science,Crisis,Scientific Revolution

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Phase 2: Normal Science(most common – science is usually stable)
A paradigm is established which lays the foundations for legitimate work within the discipline. Scientific work then consists in articulation of the paradigm, in solving puzzles that it throws up.
A paradigm is a conventional basis for research; it sets a precedent.
Puzzles that resist solutions are seen as anomalies.
Anomalies are tolerated and do not cause the rejection of the theory, as scientists are confident these anomalies can be explained over time.
It is necessary for normal science to be uncritical. If all scientists were critical of a theory and spent time trying to falsify it, no detailed work would ever get done.

Phase 3: Crisis
This is where the paradigm shift occurs.
Anomalies become serious, and a crisis develops if the anomalies undermine the basic assumptions of the paradigm and attempts to remove them consistently fail.
Under these circumstances the rules for the application of the paradigm become relaxed. Ideas that challenge the existing paradigm are developed.
In crisis there will be ‘extraordinary science’ where there will be several competing theories.
If the anomalies can be resolved, the crisis is over and normal science resumes. If not, there is a scientific revolution which involves a change of paradigm.

Chapters:
0:00 Kuhn’s Paradigm Phases of Science
0:46 Paradigm
1:58 Four Phases
2:18 Pre-Paradigmatic Phase
4:18 Normal Science
5:37 Crisis
6:38 Scientific Revolution
7:15 Anamoly
9:52 Paradigm Shift
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