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Mahmud of Ghazni's conquests of Northern India, which began in 1001 AD, marked a significant turning point in Indian history. He launched a series of raids, eventually annexing the region to the Ghaznavid Empire. One of his most notable campaigns was the sack of the Somnath Temple in 1025 AD, a major Hindu shrine in Gujarat. Mahmud's forces plundered the temple's vast wealth and destroyed its idols, dealing a significant blow to the Hindu kingdoms of India.

Mahmud's conquests had a profound impact on Indian history, leading to the spread of Islam in the region and the establishment of Muslim rule in Northern India. His legacy is complex, with some viewing him as a conqueror and others as a hero who spread Islamic knowledge and culture. Mahmud's court was a center of learning and culture, attracting scholars and poets from across the Islamic world. The conquests of Mahmud of Ghazni remain a significant event in Indian and Islamic history, shaping the course of regional politics, culture, and identity.

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