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Understanding Digital Audio – Sample Rate, Nyquist Theorem, Aliasing & Bit Depth

Welcome!
In this video, we’re going to break down the four essential pillars of digital audio:

🔹 1. Sample Rate
Sample Rate defines how many times per second we take a snapshot of an analog audio signal.
It’s measured in Hertz (Hz).
For example, a sample rate of 44.1 kHz means we take 44,100 samples every second.
We don’t sample the frequency or the whole wave, we only sample the amplitude (loudness) of the wave at each moment in time.
More samples = more accurate reproduction.

🔹 2. Nyquist Theorem
The Nyquist theorem tells us that to accurately capture a signal, we must sample it at at least twice its highest frequency.
For example, if your signal contains frequencies up to 20 kHz (the upper limit of human hearing), your sample rate must be at least 40 kHz.
That’s why CD audio uses 44.1 kHz — it safely covers the audible range.

🔹 3. Aliasing
If the sample rate is too low, we violate the Nyquist rule.
This causes aliasing: high frequencies fold back and appear as false, lower frequencies.
The result? Unnatural, distorted sound.
That’s why using proper anti-aliasing filters or high enough sample rates is critical in digital audio.

🔹 4. Bit Depth
Bit Depth controls how precisely each amplitude value is measured.
Higher bit depth = greater dynamic range (the difference between the softest and loudest sounds).

16-bit: ~96 dB (CD quality)

24-bit: ~144 dB (professional recording)
More bits = more detail and less noise.

Summary

Sample Rate = How often we sample in time (temporal resolution)

Bit Depth = How accurately we measure loudness (dynamic resolution)

Nyquist Theorem = You need the frequency to avoid distortion

Aliasing = When you don’t follow more than twice
the rule, and frequencies collapse into errors
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