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🤓 WHAT IS ELECTRIC CHARGE ?

There are only two types of charge, which we call positive and negative. Like charges repel, unlike charges attract, and the force between charges decreases with the square of the distance.

The vast majority of positive charge in nature is carried by protons, whereas the vast majority of negative charge is carried by electrons. The electric charge of one electron is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the charge of one proton.

An ion is an atom or molecule that has nonzero total charge due to having unequal numbers of electrons and protons.

The SI unit for charge is the coulomb
(C), with protons and electrons having charges of opposite sign but equal magnitude; the magnitude of this basic charge is 

e≡1.602×10−19C

Both positive and negative charges exist in neutral objects and can be separated by bringing the two objects into physical contact; rubbing the objects together can remove electrons from the bonds in one object and place them on the other object, increasing the charge separation.

For macroscopic objects, negatively charged means an excess of electrons and positively charged means a depletion of electrons.

The law of conservation of charge states that the net charge of a closed system
is constant.

🤓 WHAT IS ELECTRIC FIELD ?

The electric field is an alteration of space caused by the presence of an electric charge. The electric field mediates the electric force between a source charge and a test charge.

The electric field , like the electric force
obeys the superposition principle.

The field is a vector; by definition, it points away from positive charges and toward negative charges.

🤓 DEFINITION OF ELECTRIC CHARGE : -

Defining Electric Charge

Electric charge is the basic physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when kept in an electric or magnetic field. An electric charge is associated with an electric field and the moving electric charge generates a magnetic field. Combination of electric and magnetic fields is known as the electromagnetic field. Interaction of the charges generates an electromagnetic force which is the foundation of Physics.

The two types of electric charges are: Positive and Negative, commonly carried by charge carriers protons and electrons. Examples of the types of charges are subatomic particles or the particles of matter:

protons are positively charged
electrons are negatively charged
neutrons have zero charge

The definition of electric charge is given as follows:

"Electric Charge is the property of subatomic particles that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.”

Measuring Electric charge

The electric charge is measured using coulomb.

“One coulomb is the quantity of charge transferred in one second.”

Mathematically, the definition of a coloumb is represented as:

Q = I.t

In the equation, Q is the electric charge, I is the electric current and t is the time.

🤓 METHOD OF CHARGING :-

The process of supplying the electric charge to an object or losing the electric charge from an object is called charging.

An uncharged object can be charged in three different ways as follows:

Charging by friction ( triboelectric charging)
Charging by conduction
Charging by induction

Charging by Conduction

The method of charging an uncharged object by bringing it close to a charged object is known as charging by conduction. The charged conductor has an unequal number of protons and electrons, hence when an uncharged conductor is brought near it, it discharges electrons to stabilise itself.

Charging by Induction

The process of charging an uncharged conductor by bringing it near a charged conductor without any physical contact is known as charging by induction.