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"Biotechnology and its Applications" is a key chapter in the NCERT Class 12 Biology curriculum that explores how living organisms and their components are used to create products for human welfare.
Core Research Areas
Biotechnology focuses on three critical research objectives according to NCERT:
Providing catalysts: Supplying the best catalyst in the form of an improved organism (microbe or pure enzyme).
Optimizing conditions: Creating ideal engineering environments for the catalyst to function.
Downstream processing: Using purification technologies to isolate the final protein or organic compound.
Major Applications
Agriculture: Focuses on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) to increase yields and reduce chemical use.
Bt Cotton: Uses genes from Bacillus thuringiensis to produce a toxin that kills specific insect pests like bollworms and corn borers.
Pest Resistance: RNA interference (RNAi) is used to prevent nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) infection in tobacco plants.
Nutritional Enhancement: "Golden Rice" is enriched with Vitamin A to combat malnutrition.
Medicine: Leverages recombinant DNA technology for safer and more effective healthcare.
Genetically Engineered Insulin: First produced by Eli Lilly in 1983 by synthesizing human insulin chains A and B in E. coli.
Gene Therapy: A technique to correct genetic defects; the first clinical trial (1990) treated a child with ADA deficiency (Adenosine Deaminase).
Molecular Diagnosis: Early detection of diseases using tools like PCR (for HIV or cancer mutations) and ELISA (based on antigen-antibody interaction).
Transgenic Animals: Animals with manipulated DNA, primarily mice (95%), used for:
Study of diseases: Modeling human conditions like cancer and Alzheimer’s.
Biological products: For example, the first transgenic cow, Rosie (1997), produced human protein-enriched milk containing alpha-lactalbumin.
Safety testing: Used for vaccine safety (e.g., polio) and chemical toxicity trials.
Ethical Issues & Biopiracy
GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee): An Indian government body that assesses the validity and safety of GM research.
Biopiracy: The unauthorized use of bio-resources by multinational companies without proper compensation to the originating country (e.g., patent issues with Indian Basmati rice).