Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis

In this biochemistry lecture, Dr. Michael Garoutte focuses on glycolysis, fermentation, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway.

Key topics:
Glycolysis: The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH. This process is essential for energy production in all organisms.
Fermentation: How cells regenerate NAD+ under anaerobic conditions, allowing glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen. This involves converting pyruvate to lactate (lactic acid fermentation) or ethanol (alcoholic fermentation).
Gluconeogenesis: The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like pyruvate, lactate, amino acids, and glycerol. This pathway is crucial when glycogen stores are depleted.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway: An alternative pathway for glucose metabolism that produces NADPH for reductive biosynthesis and ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis.

The lecture also discusses the mechanisms and regulation of these pathways, highlighting the key enzymes involved and their roles in controlling energy metabolism.

#biochemistry #glycolysis #metabolism #lehninger #biochemistrylecture #energyproduction #glucose

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0:00:00 Introduction
0:00:24 The Four Fates of Glucose
0:00:35 Glycolysis: From Glucose to Pyruvate
0:01:24 The 10 Steps of Glycolysis
0:06:35 Energy Investment Phase
0:07:43 Energy Producing Phase
0:08:16 The Only Oxidation Step in Glycolysis
0:10:06 Step-by-Step Breakdown of Glycolysis
0:10:17 Hexokinase Reaction
0:11:37 Phosphohexose Isomerase Reaction
0:12:46 Phosphofructokinase-1 Reaction
0:14:52 Aldolase Reaction
0:19:05 Triosephosphate Isomerase Reaction
0:21:16 Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Reaction
0:24:41 Phosphoglycerate Kinase Reaction
0:25:15 Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
0:27:01 Phosphoglycerate Mutase Reaction
0:28:07 Enolase Reaction
0:28:45 Pyruvate Kinase Reaction
0:29:24 Overall Reaction of Glycolysis
0:30:31 The Fate of Pyruvate
0:31:31 Anaerobic Fermentation
0:33:38 Lactic Acid Fermentation
0:34:00 Ethanol Fermentation
0:36:27 Reactions of Ethanol Fermentation
0:37:49 Pyruvate Decarboxylase
0:38:09 Thiamine Pyrophosphate
0:40:21 Gluconeogenesis
0:41:12 Bypassing Irreversible Steps
0:45:45 Bypassing Step 10 of Glycolysis
0:46:39 Pyruvate Carboxylase
0:49:54 Bypassing Steps 1 and 3 of Glycolysis
0:51:44 Pentose Phosphate Pathway
0:53:41 NADPH and Reducing Power
0:54:20 Ribose-5-Phosphate and Nucleotide Synthesis
0:54:59 Summary of Key Concepts