Liberation — The First Flying
Daedalus and the Death of Minos | The First Electrocution | The Death of Perdix | Daedalus & Daedala | The First Flight | Form Reflects Meaning, Meaning Shapes Form | Ignite, Takeoff | The Mystery of the Shell ...
The First Electrocution
At 5 a.m. on August 6, 1890, William Francis Kemmler (May 9, 1860 — August 6, 1890) was awakened. That day, he would become the world’s first person to be executed by electricity. After breakfast and prayer, Kemmler entered a room with 17 witnesses. The clock read 6:38 a.m.
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The Death of Perdix
Perdix (Greek: Πέρδιξ) displayed astonishing talents from his youth. While observing fish spines by the sea, he mimicked their structure with iron, inventing the saw. He also joined two iron pieces together, riveted one end, and sharpened the other, inventing the world’s first pair of compasses.
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Daedalus
Daedalus was a highly skilled architect and craftsman, symbolizing wisdom, knowledge, and power. Thus, many ancient Greek inventions are attributed to his name, such as the axe, saw, glue, mast, and sail of ships.
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The First Flight
Daedalus fled to Crete, where he found refuge under Minos’ protection. The rest of the story has already been recounted in our previous work, “Written in the Stars·Curses — Dual Personality.” Minos failed to fulfill his promise to sacrifice a bull to Poseidon (Ancient Greek: Ποσειδῶν). So Poseidon asked Aphrodite (Ancient Greek: Ἀφροδίτη, Romanized: Aphrodítē) to help him punish Minos. Aphrodite caused Pasiphaë (Ancient Greek: Πασιφάη, Romanized: Pāsipháē), the wife of King Minos, to fall in love with the bull. Pasiphaë asked Daedalus to build her a hollow wooden bull. She climbed inside the bull, molding her body to its shape, and mated with the bull, giving birth to the Minotaur (Ancient Greek: Μινώταυρος, Mīnṓtauros). King Minos ordered Daedalus to build a labyrinth and imprisoned the Minotaur inside it.
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Form Reflects Meaning, Meaning Shapes Form
In early Han Chinese mythology, there was a virtuous man named Shun (Chinese: 舜) who lived during the period from approximately 2294 B.C. to 2184 B.C., famed for his filial piety. He had two pupils in each eye and was thus called Zhonghua (Chinese: 重華). Legend says Shun lived among the Dongyi (or Eastern Yi; Chinese: 東夷) tribes in the lower Yangtze, Huai, and Yellow River basins (in the regions of Qing, Yan, and Xu states). His father was blind, hence the name Gusou (Chinese: 瞽叟), meaning “blind elder”. His first wife, Wodeng (Chinese: 握登), witnessed a huge rainbow and became pregnant as a result. She gave birth to Shun at a place called Yao Xu (Chinese: 姚墟). She died shortly after giving birth to Shun. Gusou’s second wife gave birth to a daughter named Kěshǒu (Chinese: 敤首) and a son named Xiang (Chinese: 象).
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Chasing the Sun
The legend of Shun has been distorted many times. Chinese Confucianism upholds the conservative traditions of Confucianism, requiring moral education of the people and governance of the country through loyalty and filial piety. As a result, many myths have been misinterpreted, including the embellishment of Shun.
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Just a Coincidence?
Faethon’s male lover, Cycnus (Cygnus or Cidnus; Ancient Greek: Κύκνος), mourned Phaethon’s death and was transformed into a swan by the gods. The original meaning of Cycnus is “swan.”
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Confucianism, Skilled at Rewriting History
Shun did not ascend to the throne legitimately, so he needed to embellish his lineage. He claimed that his father, Gusou, was the eighth-generation descendant of the Yellow Emperor (Chinese: 黃帝), the seventh-generation descendant of Changyi (Chinese: 昌邑), the sixth-generation descendant of Emperor Zhuanxu (Chinese: 顓頊), the great-great-grandson of Qiongchan (Chinese: 窮蟬), the great-grandson of Jingkang (Chinese: 敬康), the grandson of Gouwang (Chinese: 句望), and the son of Qiaoniu (Chinese: 橋牛). Such a prestigious lineage left no record of his real name, clearly a genealogy embellished by later Confucian scholars. However, Gusou, being blind, could marry two wives, and his latest wives sought to have their sons inherit the family estate, resorting to various means to murder Shun. Therefore, Gusou was more likely a tribal chieftain.
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Ignite, Takeoff
During the Ming Dynasty (January 23, 1368–April 25, 1644), the production of gunpowder became more widespread. In 1380, the Ming government established the Military Equipment Bureau, responsible for the production of conventional weapons and firearms. Later, the Imperial Household established the Armory Bureau, which worked alongside the Military Equipment Bureau to oversee weapon production, including firearms.
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The Shell Riddle
Final Judgments
Arno Will, March 3, 2025, March 4, 2025. Revised July 29–30, 2025.
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