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Defense Mechanisms (Defenses against Anxiety)

Strategies the ego uses to defend itself against the anxiety provoked by conflicts of everyday life. Defense mechanisms involve denials or distortions of reality.
We saw that anxiety is a signal that impending danger, a threat to the ego, must be counteracted or avoided.
Although defense mechanisms vary in their specifics, they have two characteristics in common:
(1) They are all denials or distortions of reality
(2) They all operate unconsciously.

Types of Defense Mechanisms

Daughter of Sigmund Freud. Important figure in the development of child analysis. Along with others, further developed the theory of defense mechanisms (first introduced by her father): the unconscious filters and modifiers of unacceptable thoughts/ aspects of oneself.
Defenses are generally a normal, healthy aspect of psychological functioning and can be categorized as narcissistic, neurotic, primitive/higher, immature /mature.

Repression
Denial
Compensation
Conversion
Undoing
Projection
Projective identification:
Intellectualization
Isolation
Idealization
Introjection
Identification
Incorporation
Displacement
Distortion
Dissociation
Suppression
Sublimation
Substitution
Symbolization
Splitting
Regression
Reaction formation*:
Rationalization
Reversal
Restitution
Acting out:
Fixation
Fantasy
Turning against the self*:

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