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The inferior gluteal nerve arises from the sacral plexus, formed by the posterior divisions of the L5, S1, and S2 nerve roots. It exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, running below the piriformis muscle. This nerve is entirely motor and is responsible for innervating the gluteus maximus, the largest and most powerful muscle of the posterior hip.

The gluteus maximus is essential for hip extension and external rotation, as well as supporting movements such as standing up from a seated position, climbing stairs, or propelling the body forward during running. It also plays a role in stabilising the pelvis during dynamic activities. The inferior gluteal nerve travels with the inferior gluteal artery and vein, providing it with close vascular companions.

Injuries to this nerve, which may occur from trauma, surgery, or compression, can lead to weakness or loss of function in the gluteus maximus. This may result in difficulty with movements that require strong hip extension, such as rising from a chair or ascending steps.