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calling java rest apis using jdk http client: a comprehensive tutorial

the jdk's built-in http client, introduced in java 11, provides a modern and efficient way to make http requests without relying on external libraries like apache httpclient or okhttp. this tutorial will walk you through using the `java.net.http` package to interact with rest apis, covering various scenarios and providing detailed code examples.

*1. understanding the `java.net.http` package*

the `java.net.http` package contains the necessary classes and interfaces for making http requests and handling responses. here's a breakdown of the key components:

*`httpclient`:* the core class. it's used to create http client instances configured with specific settings like timeouts, proxies, and authentication. it handles the lifecycle of connections and sends the http requests. `httpclient` is immutable and thread-safe.
*`httprequest`:* represents an http request, specifying the target uri, http method (get, post, put, delete, etc.), headers, and request body. it's also immutable.
*`httpresponset`:* represents the response received from the server after sending a request. it contains the status code, headers, and response body. the `t` parameter specifies the type of the body content (e.g., `string`, `byte[]`, or a custom class).
*`bodypublisher`:* an interface for producing the request body. it defines how the data will be sent to the server. the `bodypublishers` utility class provides pre-built implementations for common scenarios (e.g., from a string, file, or input stream).
*`bodyhandlert`:* an interface for handling the response body. it defines how the response body will be processed and converted into the desired type. the `bodyhandlers` utility class provides pre-built implementations (e.g., to string, to a byte array, or to a file).
*`httpheaders`:* represents the http headers in a map-like structure.

**2. setting up your development environm ...

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