In 1914, a Jamaican activist asked a question that would ignite a global movement. Marcus Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) with a radical vision: Black economic independence, political sovereignty, and a homeland in Africa where Black people could govern themselves.
By 1920, the UNIA had over 1,000 divisions in 40+ countries with 20+ million members—making it the largest mass movement in African American history. Garvey established Black-owned businesses, the Black Star Line shipping company, and published the influential Negro World newspaper.
But white America couldn't tolerate his vision. The FBI targeted him. He was imprisoned on mail fraud charges in 1925 and deported in 1927. For nearly a century, Garvey was painted as a criminal. Only in January 2025 did President Biden posthumously pardon him.
This is the story of how one man's vision changed the trajectory of Black liberation worldwide—and why America worked so hard to silence him.
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