Kidneys (Functions, Structures, Coverings, Nephron) - Urinary System Anatomy

Content:
Introduction: 0:00
Topography of Kidney: 00:45
Functions of Kidneys: 01:16
External Structures: 03:37
Coverings of the Kidneys: 04:30
Internal Structures of Kidneys: 06:26
Renal Lobe - Nephron: 09:36
Topography of the Heart 8:34

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Topography of the Kidney:
- Right Kidney is lower than the left kidney
- Both start at T12
- Left one Ends at L2 and the Right end at L3

Functions of Kidneys:
- Plasma Filtration
○ Through Nephron
- Excretion of waste productions
- Acid-Base Homeostasis
- Hormone Production
- Vitamin D Metabolism

External Structures:
- 120-200 grams
- 10-13 cm Long
- 5-6 cm wide
- 4 cm thick
- Inferior pole (Extremitas Inferior)
- Superior Pole Extremitas Superior) has suprarenal gland on it
- Lateral Bordner (Margo Lateralis)
- Medial Border (Margo Medialis)
○ Hilum of Kidney (Hilum Renalis)

Coverings of the Kidneys:
- Fibrous Capsule (Capsula Fibrosa)
- Perinephric Fat (Capsula Adiposa)
- Renal Fascia (Fascia Renalis)
○ Anterior Layer
§ Prerenal Layer (Lamina Prerenalis)
§ Fascia of Toldt
○ Posterior Layer
§ Retrorenal Layer (Lamina Retrorenalis)
§ Fascia of Zuckerkandl
○ Fuse Laterally
○ Peritoneum

Internal Structures:
- Sinus Renalis
- Renal Sinus Fat
- Renal Pelvis (Pelvis Renalis)
- Renal Calyces (Calyces Renalis)
- Renal Medulla (Medulla Renalis)
○ Renal Pyramids (Pyramides Renales)
○ Renal Lobes (Lobi Renales)
○ The base of the Renal Pyramids
○ The apex of the Renal Pyramids
○ Renal Papilla (Papillae Renales)
○ Renal Medullary Rays (Radii Medullares)
○ Loop of Henle and Collecting duct
○ Openings of Papillary Ducts (Foramina Papillaria)
- Renal Cortex (Cortex Renalis)
○ 4-11 mm thick
○ Renal Columns (Columna Renalis)
○ Has Renal Corpuscle, Proximal Convoluted tube, and Distal convoluted tube
- Minor Renal Calyces (Calyx renales Minor)
- Major Renal Calyces (Calyx Renales Major)

Renal Lobe - Nephron:
- Renal Corpuscle (Corpusculum Renis)
○ Glomerulus
○ Afferent Arteriole (Vas Afferens)
○ Efferent Arteriole (Vas Efferens)
○ Glomerular Capsule (Capsula Glomeruli)
- Proximal Convoluted Tube (Tubulus Proximalis)
○ Convoluted Part
○ Straight Part
- Loop of Henle (Ansa Nephroni)***
○ Ascending Part
○ Descending Part
- Distal Convoluted Tube (Tubulus Distalis)
- Collecting Duct (Ductus Colligentes)
- Papillary Duct (Ductus Papillares)
- Opening of Papillary Duct (Foramina papillaria)

Sources used in this video:
- Memorix Anatomy 2nd Edition by Hudák Radovan (Author), Kachlík David (Author), Volný Ondřej (Author)
- Complete Anatomy by 3d4medical
- Biorender
- University notes and lectures