Скачать или смотреть "Human Action" By Ludwig von Mises

"Human Action: A Treatise on Economics" by Ludwig von Mises is a seminal work in the field of economics that explores the fundamental principles governing human behavior and their implications for economic theory. Published in 1949, this magnum opus lays the foundation for the Austrian School of Economics and provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of individual action in economic processes.At its core, Mises' work is a celebration of human action as the driving force behind all economic activity. He argues that economics is fundamentally the study of human choices, decisions, and actions in the face of scarce resources. This perspective challenges traditional economic theories that rely heavily on mathematical models and assumptions, instead emphasizing the subjective nature of human preferences and values.Mises introduces the concept of "praxeology" as the science of human action. According to him, praxeology is the deductive study of the logical implications of the fact that humans act purposefully to achieve their ends. In other words, it is a methodological approach that starts with the axiom of human action and derives economic laws through logical deduction. This sets Mises apart from many of his contemporaries who relied on empiricism and mathematical modeling.One of the key concepts in Mises' work is the notion of "subjective value." He argues that value is not an inherent property of goods and services but is rather determined by the subjective preferences of individuals. This concept challenges classical labor theories of value and highlights the importance of consumer choice in determining prices and resource allocation.Mises also delves into the role of money in the economy. He emphasizes that money emerges spontaneously as a medium of exchange due to its superior marketability. Money, according to Mises, facilitates economic calculation and enables individuals to engage in more complex forms of economic cooperation. His discussion on the problems of socialism and central planning, known as the "economic calculation problem," remains a cornerstone of criticism against centrally planned economies.The Austrian economist places great importance on entrepreneurship as a driving force of economic progress. Entrepreneurs are individuals who bear uncertainty and take calculated risks to allocate resources efficiently. Mises argues that entrepreneurs play a crucial role in discovering and satisfying consumer preferences, driving innovation, and promoting economic growth.Mises' analysis also extends to the role of government in the economy. He is a staunch advocate of laissez-faire capitalism, arguing that government intervention in the market leads to inefficiency, misallocation of resources, and economic distortions. He contends that economic planning by government authorities cannot replace the decentralized decision-making of individuals in a free market.Furthermore, Mises explores the concept of economic cycles and argues that they are a consequence of monetary manipulation by central banks. He asserts that the business cycle, characterized by boom and bust phases, is a result of artificially low interest rates that lead to malinvestments and economic imbalances.In the realm of international economics, Mises advocates for free trade and opposes protectionism and tariffs. He argues that protectionist policies harm both domestic and foreign economies and that free trade promotes peace and cooperation among nations.While "Human Action" is primarily an economic treatise, it encompasses a broader philosophical framework. Mises firmly believes in the importance of individual liberty and property rights. He sees economics as a means to advance the well-being of individuals in a society that respects these principles.In conclusion, Ludwig von Mises' "Human Action: A Treatise on Economics" is a foundational work that redefines economics as the science of human action. Mises emphasizes the subjective nature of economic value, the importance of entrepreneurship, and the detrimental effects of government intervention in the market. His contributions to economic thought continue to influence contemporary debates and promote the understanding of economics as a discipline deeply rooted in human behavior and choice.