I. Introduction to the Nervous System
Central Nervous System: Brain & Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nerovus System: Body
Atonomic Nervous System: Peripheral, Involuntary.
Sympathetic: "Fight, Flight, Freeze, Fawn"; prepares body for action.
Parasympathetic: "Rest, Digest, Reprouce, Reset;" Calms body down.
Somatic (Voluntary): Sensory & Motor Systems.
II. Orienting Inside the Brain
Anterior: Towards the Front.
Posterior: Towards the Back.
Dorsal Animal's Back.
Ventral: Animal's Belly.
III. Triune Brain Hypothesis & Adaptive Brain Reality
Simplification used to conceptualize the brain.
"Reptilian Brain:" Cerabellum, Brainstem, Diencephalon. Instincts.
"Mammalian Brain:" Limbic Regions (Hipp.,, Amygd., NAc); Emotions.
"Human Brain:" Cerebral Cortex//Neocortex; Rational Thought.
Reality: "Adaptive Brain:" Interconnected network.
IV. Brain Stem: Autonomic Function
Medulla, Pons, Midbrain; Connect Brain & Spinal Cord.
Autopilot (Autonomic // Involuntary) Function (HR, Sleep, Reflexes).
V. Subcortical Regions: Sorting the Signalings
Thalamus: Relay center for sensory information.
Hypothalamus: Regulates homeostasis & hormones.
Pituitary Gland: Master neuroendocrine regulator.
Basal ganglia: Coordinates movement & reward processing.
VI. HPA Axis & Neuroendocrine Stress Response
Coordinates neuroendocrine (brain-hormone) stress responses.
Hypothalamus releases Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF).
Pituitary Receives CRF; Releases Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH).
Adreanl Glands Receive ACTH; Release Cortisol (main stress hormone).
Cortisol crosses blood brain barrier; acts as neurotransmitter in the brain.
Provides negative feedback to hippocampus ("turns off" HPA Axis).
VII. Pineal Gland
Regulates circadian rhythms via melatonin.
Light exposure inhibits melatonin synthesis in this gland.
Synthesizes trace amounts of DMT, though function is unclear.
(DMT is also synthesized in funcitonal amounts in cortex & likely other regions).
VIII. Amygdala: Aversive Stimuli
Processes fear, threat, & emotional memory.
Stress: Amygdala hyperactivity & dysregulation; anxiety, PTSD.
IX. Hippocampus: Learning, Memory, Stress
Learning, memory; exteroception/interoception, stress regulation.
Hot Spot for Neuroplasticity (Neruogenesis & Synaptic Plasticity).
X. Nucleus Accumbens (NAc): Reward Value, Motivation
Not just "reward center;" aids in obtaining motivationally relevant goals.
Action Selection Hub: Iintegrates limbic signals to motivate behavior.
X Claustrum
Thin, sheet-like structure deep within the cortex.
Connects to nearly all cortical region, acting as a hub.
High 5-HT2A expression (impacted by psychedelics).
XII. Cortex
Outer brain layer handling perception, thought, & complex behavior.
Organized into specialized areas that process different kinds of information.
Occipital, parietal, temporal, & frontal lobes support distinct functions.
Lobes communicate constantly, creating integrated conscious experience.
VIII. Limbic Cortex
Outer cortical areas of limbic brain that are part of the cerebral cortex.
Cingulate Cortex (CC): Posterior (PCC) & Anterior (ACC).
PCC: Sense of self (ego); Psychedelics ↓ PCC activity (and ego).
ACC: Emotion, conflict monitoring, cognitive flexibility.
Psychedelics shift ACC–limbic coupling, self-narrative processing, emotoinal meaning.
IX. Frontal Cortex
Planning, decision‑making, goal‑directed action.
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC): Attention, reasoning, flexible thinking.
Medial PFC: Self‑related thoughts, social meaning.
Lateral PFC: Executive control, top-down influence.
Psychedelics ↓ & FC reorganize activity.
↓ top-down processing & sense-of-self constraint.
↑authenticity & ego death.
X. Termporal & Parietal Cortex
Integrate information across multiple sensory modalities.
Temporal: Memory, language, meaning, semantic associations.
Parietal: Body awareness, spatial processing.
Psychedelic connectivity disruptions.
Out-of-body & boundary-dissolution experiences.
New semantic associations.
XI. Visual Cortex
Visual processing, perception.
Psychedelics ↑ excitability, visual distortion.
XII. Transmodal Cortex
Highest command center.
Integrates information beyond any single sense or task.
↑ 5-HT2A Expression.
Psychedelics ↑ connectivity, insights, transmodal experiences.
XIII. Default Mode Network
Hub of brian regions (e.g., mPFC, PCC, Precuneus, inferior parietal lobe).
Supports self-reflection, mind-wandering, & autobiographical thinking.
Psychedelics disrupt DMN activity, loosening rigid self-focused patterns.
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