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On 10th July, 1806, the Vellore Revolution started against the British Raj. It was the first instance of a large-scale and violent uprising by Indian sepoys against the East India Company.
After Tipu Sultan was killed on May 4, 1799, during the Siege of Srirangapatnam, the British troops took over the kingdom of Mysore. The British handed Mysore over to the Wodeyars, the former rulers of Mysore, and Tipu’s children and their families were exiled to Vellore. However, this strategy soon came back to haunt them. Tipu’s children, their families and ‘innumerable servants’ formed a community of ‘Mysoreans in exile which numbered up to 3,000 and split over a considerable area around Vellore’. Tipu’s family soon began conspiring to avenge the death of their father and leader.
On November 14, 1805, six years after the bloody battle at Seringapatam, an order was issued by JF Craddock, commander-in-chief of the British troops, detailing the new military dress code. According to the order, the sepoys had to dress in a uniform and shave their facial hair, and were forced to wear a leather turban that had a cockade made from cow hide. Though the order was passed to establish uniformity, the Hindu sepoys objected to wearing leather headgear.
When 21 sepoys from the Second Battalion, Fourth Regiment expressed their resentment, they were subjected to corporal punishment and faced public lashing at Fort St. George in Madras On the morning of July 10, 1806, the sepoys attacked Vellore Fort. A massacre followed, in which more than 100 British soldiers were killed, many of them shot while they slept. The British flag was lowered by the sepoys, and Tipu’s flag, given to them by Tipu’s fourth son Moizuddin, was hoisted. When a British cavalry regiment from Arcot reached the fort, it was already in possession of the activists. Soon, though, most of them were killed by the British forces and the rebellion was crushed.
Though the Vellore Mutiny is often overshadowed by the events of 1857, its effects were felt in Britain. The officers deployed at the fort were questioned about their intentions of introducing the changes that resulted in the uprising.