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The Sun is a changeable star, sometimes calm and peaceful sometimes erupting with great violence. These changes (21)— a clear pattern with a cyclical rise and fall of solar activity every 11 years or so. For the last four centuries, scientists have kept records of the Sun’s activity. (22)—the early 19th century, German astronomer Samuel Heinrich Schwabe spent 17 years trying to spot a planet that believed existed closer to the Sun than Mercury. He failed to see the silhouette of a new planet against the Sun; (23)—, he did keep accurate records of sunspots. (24)— his observations, he noticed that the number of sunspots varied in a regular way, and the idea of the solar cycle was born. Today's orbiting and ground-based solar telescopes constantly (25)— the Sun, revealing further details of this recurring pattern.

21.
A) followed
B) follow
C) were followed
D) are going to follow
E) will follow

22.
A) Above
B) For
C) During
D) Over
E) Among

23.
A) similarly
B) however
C) for example
D) once
E) only when

24.
A) In terms of
B) In place of
C) For the sake of
D) On behalf of
E) With the help of

25.
A) avoid
B) deteriorate
C) alter
D) examine
E) sustain 


Beginning in the 1960s scientists noticed that many of the trees of Central Europe were dying. In particular, in the Black Forest, (26)— in Southwestern Germany, a large number of trees showed signs of weakening and dying. The first trees to be struck with the (27)—were the pines, followed by deciduous trees, the one that lose their leaves each year. By 1990, many trees dried out and died, (28)— others dropped leaves or became discoloured. The problem was eventually attributed to acid deposition in the forest. Although several types of remediation techniques, (29)— replanting trees, were tried, none have yet been successful. Scientists assume that the damage to the soil has made it so acidic that new trees can no longer grow in these ancient forests (30)— current circumstances.

26.
A) locating
B) located
C) locate
D) to be located
E) to have located

27.
A) separation
B) demonstration
C) examination
D) condition
E) distinction

28.
A) hence
B) so that
C) while
D) since
E) if

29.
A) such as
B) according to
C) due to
D) as a consequence of
E) on behalf of

30.
A) over
B) into
C) from
D) under
E) through