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Unix Development at Bell Labs

Unix Origins: Developed at Bell Labs (AT&T) in 1969 by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie.
Purpose: Created for multi-user, multi-tasking needs; initially for internal use.
Platform: Originally on PDP-7, later PDP-11 minicomputers.
Influences and Languages

Multics Influence: Unix was influenced by Multics project.
C Language: Dennis Ritchie developed C; key language for Unix.
Not Fortran: Unix not based on Fortran; C was primary language.
Assembly Language: Early Unix parts written in assembly language.
Key Unix Features

Multi-user Capability: Supported multiple users.
Portability: Unix design emphasized portability.
Tools and Utilities: Rich set of command-line tools.
Influence on Computing: Unix had significant impact on OS and computing.
Contributors and Evolution

Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie: Pioneers of Unix.
Evolution and Variants: Unix led to BSD, System V, Linux.
Open Systems: Unix philosophy emphasized openness and standards [1][2][3].
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THEN WHO IS THE MITHER OF FORTRAN
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Origins of FORTRAN

FORTRAN Development: FORmula TRANslation language developed in 1950s.
Creators: John Backus and team at IBM led development.
Purpose: Designed for scientific and numerical computations.
Key Influences and Evolution

Early High-Level Language: FORTRAN was pioneering.
IBM's Role: IBM drove FORTRAN development.
Versions and Standards: FORTRAN evolved (FORTRAN IV, FORTRAN 77, Fortran 90...).
Impact: Widely used for scientific/engineering applications.
Notable Aspects

First Compiler: FORTRAN had first commercial compiler.
Language Design: Focused on efficiency for numerical work.
Legacy: Influenced later languages; still used today.
Naming: FORTRAN (later Fortran) reflects formula translation focus.
Contributors

John Backus: Led FORTRAN project at IBM.
Other Implementers: Many contributed to FORTRAN evolution.
Standards Efforts: ANSI, ISO standards for Fortran [1][2][3].